Equal to the number of protons an element contains.

Equal to the number of electrons an element contains.

A bond that is formed between two different elements when one element shares an electron with the other element, usually making the weaker element stronger or more stable. These bonds are formed because the positive and negative charges between the two ions attract.

- Non-polar covalent bonds

- Polar covalent bonds

A bond in which elements both share the use of the same electron. The strongest and most common bond between elements. Non-polar. This type of bond forms between the elements that make up the biological molecules in our bodies.This bond is a lower energy state for all elements involved.

- Water molecules

- DNA

- Proteins

Happens when the positive charge of the hydrogen atom is attracted to the negative charge of a nearby element. This forms a weak bond. This type of bond is common- if it were not for hydrogen bonds, water would be a gas at room temperature.

Because the outermost shells of the elements with low atomic numbers can hold up to 8 electrons- this is so called because these particular elements work to achieve stability by filling all 8 shells with electrons.

- Cations

- Anions

When an element does not contain the same amount of protons and electrons

Movement of electrons from one element to another.

This type of bond is a week attraction of interaction between molecules. They occur between polar, covalent bound atoms in different molecules.

Radioactive isotopes

The same form of an element already named- though a different type because it has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. Carbon, potassium and uranium have naturally occurring isotopes.

A way of arranging the different types of elements. This chart contains the atomic number and the relative atomic mass of each element. Also provides key information about the properties of elements by color coding.

Results from hydrogen bonds being disrupted and being released to the surface of the water where they float into the air and eventually form rain-completing the water cycle

Results from the hydrogen bonds becoming rigid and forming a lattice-like structure

- Simple Sugar

- Glycogen

- Cellulose

These are simple sugars, the most common is which is glucose.

- Lactose

- Maltrose

- Sucrose

Form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration molecule. Common ones are lactose, maltose and sucrose.

A long chain of monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds.

The stored form of sugars in plants that breaks down into smaller molecules in order to be digested and processed.

Saturated with hydrogen, meaning the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton has reached the maximum number available.

- Oils

The major constituent of the plasma membrane.

- Cholesterol

Help with things like digestion

Chemical signaling molecules.

The building blocks of proteins. The unique structure and order of amino acids in polypeptide chains makes up the differences between different DNA of living organisms.

- Polypeptides

- Nucleotides