biology

evolutionary theory

genetic determinism

inherited influence

neurochemical and hormonal influences

brain activity

twin/adoption studies

brain scanning

brain stimulation/brain damage studies

drug testing

due to biological determinism, behaviour can only be changed through physical means

reductionist

may neglect environmental influences

emprical philosophy

behaviourism

knowledge, behaviour seen as result of

use of conditioning techniques (classical, operational) to affect behaviour

manipulation of social environment to change behaviour

manipulation of reinforcement of environment

anybody can be trained to do anything

reductionist

may neglect innate influences

Piaget: Innate schema develop according to influences from environment

e.g. schizophrenia, may have genetic basis, but develops according to environmental conditions

Blakemore & Cooper: restricted visual environment can physically affect brain structural development

Physical sex and innate temperament of a new baby elicits sex-typing, this then affects gender development

genetic, hormonal, neurochemical explanations of behaviour

instinctual drives, restricted by the demands of the ego and superego

innate information processing abilities that are constantly refined by experience

accepts basic physiological needs, but focus is on experience

virtually all behaviour comes from the environment via conditioning