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Avoiding Bias and Fake News
This is a mind map talking about avoiding Bias and Fake News. You can create a mind map like this effortlessly.
Edited at 2020-09-28 13:25:41- Creative Halloween Costume Ideas
Halloween has many faces. The theme you envision should influence how you decorate the party space. Jack-o'-lanterns and friendly ghosts are more lighthearted Halloween characters. Zombies, witches, and vampires are much darker. If you want to celebrate all the fun sides of Halloween, then it’s okay to mesh the cute with the frightening. Here is a mind map which lists down the 39 Cutest Couples Halloween Costumes of 2021.
- 35 Best and Classic Halloween Movies
Halloween simply wouldn't be Halloween without the movies that go along with it. There's nothing like a movie night filled with all the greatest chainsaw-wielding, spell-binding, hair-raising flicks to get you in the spooky season spirit. So, break out the stash of extra candy, turn off all the lights, lock every last door, and settle in for the best of the best Halloween movies. Here are the 35 Halloween movies listed on the mind map based on the year of release.
- Halloween Party Ideas Mind Map
This mind map contains lots of interesting Halloween trivia, great tips for costumes and parties (including food, music, and drinks) and much more. It talks about the perfect Halloween night. Each step has been broken down into smaller steps to understand and plan better. Anybody can understand this Halloween mind map just by looking at it. It gives us full story of what is planned and how it is executed.
Avoiding Bias and Fake News
- Creative Halloween Costume Ideas
Halloween has many faces. The theme you envision should influence how you decorate the party space. Jack-o'-lanterns and friendly ghosts are more lighthearted Halloween characters. Zombies, witches, and vampires are much darker. If you want to celebrate all the fun sides of Halloween, then it’s okay to mesh the cute with the frightening. Here is a mind map which lists down the 39 Cutest Couples Halloween Costumes of 2021.
- 35 Best and Classic Halloween Movies
Halloween simply wouldn't be Halloween without the movies that go along with it. There's nothing like a movie night filled with all the greatest chainsaw-wielding, spell-binding, hair-raising flicks to get you in the spooky season spirit. So, break out the stash of extra candy, turn off all the lights, lock every last door, and settle in for the best of the best Halloween movies. Here are the 35 Halloween movies listed on the mind map based on the year of release.
- Halloween Party Ideas Mind Map
This mind map contains lots of interesting Halloween trivia, great tips for costumes and parties (including food, music, and drinks) and much more. It talks about the perfect Halloween night. Each step has been broken down into smaller steps to understand and plan better. Anybody can understand this Halloween mind map just by looking at it. It gives us full story of what is planned and how it is executed.
- Recommended to you
- Outline
Avoiding Bias & Fake News
Articles & More from Education,Libraries Etc.
Voices
Brooke Borel
Brooke Borel on factchecking and fake news
The Chicago Guide to FactChecking
FactChecking Won’t Save Us From Fake News
Daniel Dennett
Daniel Dennett: ‘I begrudge every hour I haveto spend worrying about politics’
“The real danger that’s facing us is we’ve lost respect for truth and facts. People havediscovered that it’s much easier to destroy reputations for credibility than it is tomaintain them. It doesn’t matter how good your facts are, somebody else can spreadthe rumour that you’re fake news. We’re entering a period of epistemological murk anduncertainty that we’ve not experienced since the middle ages.“
Themes
Economics
AVAAZ: Kick Fake News Out of Our Elections
“There’s a law that can clear fake news from our feeds forever it’s already on thetable in Germany and we can bring it to the Netherlands. The idea is so simple: makethe platforms that spread and profit from fake news and hate speech pay if they don’tremove it quick.“
Advertising
This is how Facebook’s fakenews writers makemoney
“Carroll estimated that a fakenews share from within the Trump campaign could earn thelucky hoaxer as much as $10,000 in extra revenue, provided they have taken full advantage ofthe ad services available to them. That’s a “huge economic incentive to create stories that theywant to distribute.”“
The Best Way to Quash Fake News? Choke OffIts Ad Money
Without these ads, there wouldn’t be money infake news
Who & Where
How Teens In The Balkans Are Duping Trump Supporters With Fake News: BuzzFeed News identified more than 100 proTrump websites beingrun from a single town in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
Fake News: How a Partying Macedonian TeenEarns Thousands Publishing Lies
INSIDE THE MACEDONIAN FAKENEWS COMPLEX
101Geek: How To Make Big Money OnlineWith Fake News – Full Guide
How not to be shut down
Disclosure
Admit it’s fake news on main page
Disclosure page
Include“fake“ in URL
http://fakenewsmatters.org/
http://www.fakenews.net/
http://fakenews.news/
http://fakenews.one/
40%60% method (ratio of fake to real news)
Understand you’ve got to have morals
Education
About
BBC: Schools should teach children how tospot fake news
Fortune: More and More Teachers Are HoldingClasses on How to Avoid Fake News
Japan Times: Facebook, Google testingapps to spot fake news but experts say key isbeing educated
Nieman Labs: This “Wikipedia forfactchecking” by students makes moreroom for context and origins of claimsonline
USA Today: Can ’only education’ solvethe fake news problem?
Vox: I taught my 5thgraders how to spotfake news. Now they won’t stopfactchecking me.
Examples from the Media
BBC Future: How to Avoid Falling for Lies andFake News
Don’t be seduced by simplicity
Be smart to doctored images
Accept your ignorance
Look beyond your bubble
Be curious
Consider the opposite
FactCheck.org: How to Spot Fake News
1. Consider the source
2. Read beyond the headline
3. Check the author
4. What’s the support?
5. Check the date
6. Is this some kind of joke?
7. Check your biases
8. Consult the experts
Futurist: Learn to spot ‘alternative facts’ inscience
GovTech: What to Do About Fake News, FakeApps and Fake Government Services
The Guardian: What is fake news? How to spotit and what you can do to stop it
Huffington Post: How To Recognize A FakeNews Story: 9 helpful tips to stop yourself fromsharing false information.
1. Read past the headline
2. Check what news outlet published it
3. Check the publish date and time
4. Who is the author?
5. Look at what links and sources are used
6. Look out for questionable quotes andphotos
7. Beware confirmation bias
8. Search if other news outlets are reporting it
9. Think before you share
USA Today: How to Spot Fake News
Examples from Education
CRAP/CRAAP Detection
The Preuss School: Website Evaluation
Howard Rheingold: CRAP Detection 101
A Guide to Crap Detection Resources
Today in the Open Learning MOOC: fake newsand crap detection
Twitter: We teach our students the CRAAPtest
Holly Clark: Find, Validate, Use
Open Learning MOOC
U. Cambridge: ’Psychological vaccine’ couldhelp immunise public against ‘fake news’ onclimate change – study
UofM: Fake News and the Web of Deceit
UofM: University of Michigan TeachOut:
Fake News, Facts, and Alternative Facts(Youtube)
Yale: How to Inoculate the Public AgainstMisinformation About Climate Change
PDF of published version
Libraries
Classes
UM Library battles fake news with new class
Library Battles Fake News with New Class
Books & Reading Lists
KidLit Resists
In the News
ALAnews: New report chronicles librarycommunity’s front line battles against fakenews, censorship, bigotry
ALA: Programming Librarian: Fake News: ALibrary Resource RoundUp
American Libraries: Fighting Fake News, Howlibraries can lead the way on media literacy
American Association of School Librarians:School Libraries Fight Fake News
ACRLog: Information Literacy and Fake News
Boingboing: Libraries must resist trumpism
Christian Science Monitor: The fight againstfake news is putting librarians on the front line– and they say they’re ready
“While some have questioned the movement and its ability to politicize neutral,governmentfunded library environments, librarians say advocating for free, openspaces for all, as well as providing legal resources and accurate facts, shouldn’tconstitute a political statement. For them, taking a subtle stance against theadministration simply involves showing up and doing their jobs.“
Daily Herald: Librarians can combat ’fakenews,’ panel says
HuffPost: After Trump Was Elected,
Librarians Had To Rethink Their System For
FactChecking
Jason Griffey: Stand, Fight, Resist
LA Times: How to weather the Trumpadministration: Head to the library
The Library Combats Fake News withEducational Guide
Library Journal: Libraries and Fake Facts
MTV: In Trump’s America, Activist Librarians who won’t be shushed,Librarians are getting ready to fight fake news, hate crimes, and whateverlies ahead
Seattle Times: Librarians take up arms againstfake news
The Verge: In the war on fake news, schoollibrarians have a huge role to play
Washington Post: Museums and libraries fight‘alternative facts’ with a #DayofFacts
Events, Lectures, Panels
‘A PostTruth Nation’ panel hosted Feb. 22 byVanderbilt Libraries
Attend ’Fake News: How To Spot It’ At SilverSpring Library
Davenport Library to Host“The Rise of FakeNews“
Libraries vs Fake News
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6Gvs_KZ9uM
Longmont Library moves ’fake news’ lecture;opens up 40 more spots
LibGuides
Albuquerque Public Library: Fake News
Bowdoin: Fake vs. Fact
CUNY: act Checking, Verification & FakeNews
Duquesne University: Fake News and FalseInformation
Harvard: Fake News, Misinformation, andPropaganda
Hillsborough Community College: Fake News,Misleading News, Biased News: EvaluatingSources
Indiana University: Fake News
Loyola U: Fake News and Evaluating Sources
Mount Allison U: Fake News Guide
PACE University: Real News vs. Fake News
PSU: Fake News
San Rafael Public Library: HELP! MY NEWS ISFAKE! INFORMATION LITERACY GUIDE
INFORMATION LITERACY FOR KIDS AND TEENS
SFU: Fake News
SUNY Albany: Fake News
UCBerkeley:Real News/Fake News
U Michigan: What is“Fake News“?
U Toronto: How do I spot fake news?
UVA: Fake News
University of Washington: EvaluatingInformation: Fake News
University of Mississippi: Fake News or the RealDeal?
WCU: Hunter Library: Is it Fake?
WSA: Parody News
Projects
#DayOfFacts
On Twitter
On Instagram
via ImgPublic
About
Huffington Post: Here’s What We Learned From Friday’s#DayofFacts, Libraries and museums reminded the world ofthe better alternative to “alternative.”
Chicagoist: Video: The Field Museum Expertly ThrowsShade On ’Alternative Facts’ For #DayOfFacts
HyperAllergic: Museums, Libraries, and CulturalOrganizations Fight Misinformation with #DayofFacts
KITV4 Island News: #DayofFacts campaignhighlights libraries, museums as free resource
Quartz: Real Talk: Libraries and museums teamup for bold political statement: Facts are real
Washington Post: Museums and libraries fight‘alternative facts’ with a #DayofFacts
Library Freedom Project
LibrariesResist
@LibrariesResist
Facebook: LibrariesResist
#LibrariesResist
#LibrariesR4Every1
Popular Hashtags for #LibrariesResist
#Librarians
#LibraryLife
#LibrariesR4Every1
#LibrariesResist
#ReadingBuildsEmpathy
#Refugees
#Resist
#TLchat
#VSLA
#VTED
#LibrariesResist Resources List
Que(e)ry Librarians
About
5 Minute Librarian: Libraries Resist
Reddit: Libraries Resist Resource List
Stephen’s Lighthouse
Workshops
Arlington Heights librarians take on fake news
Longmont Library creates program to helpdecipher real and fake news
Write
Fake news or legit? 5 clues you can apply
Psychology
Association for Psychological Science: Why Do We BelieveFake News? Accepting Inaccurate Information Is Less WorkThan Being Critical, According To Research
Forbes: ’Psychological Vaccine’ May ProtectAgainst Fake News, Alternative Facts
Nature: How Facebook, fake news andfriends are warping your memory
New Republic: There’s a Psychological Reason for the Appeal ofFake News, We tend to trust our friends more than experts. Nowwe’re paying for it.
Newsweek: WHY WE FALL FOR FAKE NEWS: THEPSYCHOLOGY OF ONLINE NEWS CONSUMPTION
Phys.org: Psychological ’vaccine’ could help immunizepublic against ’fake news’ on climate change
Psychology Today: What We Know About FakeNews, Researchers are learning why peoplebelieve fake news, and how to stop it.
Psychology Today: Fake News: Why We FallFor It
Psychology Today: A Brief History of Fake News, Howspoofers and trollers learned to monetize gullibility
Psychology Today: On Conservatives, Liberals, and FakeNews, Political differences in negativelybiased credulity.
USA Today: The Fake web: why we’re so apt tobelieve fake news, apps and reviews
Technology
Apple: Tim Cook
Apple’s Tim Cook: Fake news is ’killingpeople’s minds’
“Cook told the Daily Telegraph newspaper thatfalsehoods are being spread by people whowant“to get the most clicks, not tell the mosttruth. It’s killing people’s minds in a way.““
Tim Cook: Fake news is ’killing people’s minds’
Facebook to Label ‘Fake News’ with Help ofPartisan ‘Fact Checkers’
Facebook, Google testing apps to spot fakenews but experts say key is being educated
Facebook Algorithm Tweak to Favor ’Authentic’Content
Facebook’s failure: did fake news andpolarized politics get Trump elected?
This is now what happens when you try topost fake news on Facebook
The Life, Death And Rebirth Of ‘Fake News’ OnReddit
How Reddit Talked About The 2016 PresidentialCampaign, From ‘Basket Of Deplorables’ To ‘Yuge’
Getting automated factchecking from sciencefiction to reality
Tech can help us spot fake news, but there’s only one real way to stop it
Machine Learning Finds “Fake News” with88% Accuracy
Examples
Taxonomy of Trump Tweets
Article
Tweet
Taxonomy
Preemptive framing
Diversion
Deflection
Trial balloon
Fake News Sites
70 News
ABC News (dot CO)
The Boston Tribune
Burrard Street Journal
Christian Times
Civic Tribune
The DC Gazette
Empire Herald
EN: Empire News
Huzlers
If You Only News
Info Wars
National Report
NewsLo / Politicops
Now 8 News
The Onion
React 365
Real News Right Now
Rile News
World News Report
Your News Wire
Collections
Melissa Zimdars
False, Misleading, Clickbaity, andSatirical “News” Sources (~150 more)[PDF]
False, Misleading, Clickbaity, and Satirical“News“ Sources (Google Doc) [~170+]
By type of bias
ABOUT: List of 141 Fake (and Real) NewsWebsites Goes Viral After Trump WinsPresidency
ABOUT: Fed up with fake news, Facebookusers are solving the problem with a simplelist
ABOUT: Trendolyzer Statistics
Media ReDesign
Design Solutions for Fake News (syllabus?)
CBS News: Don’t get fooled by these fakenews sites
Business Insider: These are the most andleast trusted news outlets in America
Daily Dot: Here are all the ’fake news’ sites towatch out for on Facebook
Imgur: A decent breakdown of all thingsreal and fake news.
Pantheos: Please Stop Sharing Links to TheseSites
SciBabe: An Incomplete List Of CompleteBullshit Websites
Claim Sources (Google Doc w/ list & analysis)
Tools
Apps
Responding
Countable
Stance
DIY Fake News
Break Your Own News
Fake News Maker
Fake newspaper creator (iOS)
Fake newspaper generator
More
WARNING: Fake Apps, too
How to spot fake iOS and Android apps
Plugins
Entertainment
Real Donald
Make America Kittens Again
Tools
B.S. Detector
Fact Pop Up (Duke Reporters Lab)
FactPopUp Chrome Extension
Github Code
Improved version of FactPopUp, our realtimefactchecking tool, now available
Reporters’ Lab to experiment with popupfactchecking during debate
Bias assessment
in research
Cochrane Risk Of Bias Tool
ROBIS
ROBINSI
NIH Quality Assessment Tool
in people
Project Implicit
in communities
BART (Bias Assessment & Response Team)
in language
“Left Language, Right Language“
Critical thinking & debate
Tools & Educational Resources
CRAP Detection
Critical Skills Thinking Cheatsheet Infographic
CHAIN of TRUST (see page 2 of PDF)
Healthcare
PubMed Commons
QuackWatch
Quackwatch review Is Stephen Barrett aQuack? Is he fair, balanced, or biased?
Skeptical Raptor
More
Environmental scanning
AllSides
Polarization
Blue feed, Red feed
CabinetVotes
GovTrack
For Writing
Journalists’ Toolbox
Field Guide to Fake News
Duke: Reporters Lab
First Draft News
Newsela
Fake news checkers & related tools
Political
Nonpartisan
Balletopedia
FactCheck
OpenSecrets
Politifact
PRWatch: Map of TV Stations That Aired Fake News
PropOrNot (Propaganda, International)
The YYYcampaignYYY
An Example of Manual PropagandaIdentification: HangTheBankers.com
HangThe Bankers (Archived)
Sunlight Foundation
Washington Post Fact Checker
Partisan
DrudgeReport
Media Matters
Newsbusters
General
Fake News Checker
DigiPo (Digital Polarization Initiative)
About
FlackCheck
Google: See fact checks in search results
HoaxSlayer
Hoaxy
This Tool Maps the Spread of Fake News Online
Media Bias Fact Check
Is this a biased source?
ProCon
Real or Satire
Websites that are ...
Real
Satire
Snopes
Snopes’ Field Guide to Fake News Sites andHoax Purveyors
Truth or Fiction
About
International FactChecking Network
About the International FactChecking Network
Fact Checkers Code of Principles
FactChecking: How to Improve Your Skills inAccountability Journalism
The Daily Mail Snopes Story And Fact CheckingThe Fact Checkers
The Fake Newsletter (Craig Silverman)
Poynter
Washington Post: The Fact Checker’s guide fordetecting fake news
Determine whether the article is from alegitimate website
Check the ‘contact us’ page
Examine the byline of the reporter and seewhether it makes sense
Read the article closely
Scrutinize the sources
Look at the ads
Use search engines to doublecheck
Strategies
Read/listen broadly.
How
left/right/center
geographic diversity
events? local hometown rag
read outside USA for news about USA
Look at trends across geographic regions andexternal major powers
independently published
blogs & podcasts & citizen journalist
Why
“You should know by now :) I have ALWAYS been readingbroadly. How can you know the opposite POV if you don’tsee how they communicate, what makes them tick and howthey manipulate facts.“
What
10 Investigative Reporting Outlets to Follow
Associated Actions
“Thank you for reading broadly.“
Thank others who read broadly, who share whatthey’ve found, and who promote the vision ofreading broadly and without bias.
Critical thinking
Local (UMich) resources
Learning Resource Center
Sweetland
ULibrary
What is logic? What is bias?
*A world of possible futures
How to detect and bust spew freaks, politicians, liars, etc.
First learn their tricks and slimy ways:
25 rules of disinformation
False flag
Eight Traits of the Disinformationalist
Logical fallacies
Formal
Informal
Propositional
Quantificational
Formal syllogistic
Faulty generalizations
Red herring
Conditional or questionable
Cognitive bias
Top Ten Ways to Deal with Behavioral Biases
Focus on the Data
Actively Seek Out Contrary Data andConclusions
BuildIn Accountability Mechanisms
Focus on Process
Test and ReTest
Avoid the Noise
Take a Tip from Attorneys
Keep Track of Your Mistakes as Carefully asYour Successes
Take Your Time
Try to Stay Humble (no matter how successfulyou are)
Sophism
Rules for Making Oneself a DisagreeableCompanion
The Gentleperson’s Guide To Forum Spies
The 15 Rules of Web Disruption (How to Spot –and Defeat – Disruption on the Internet)
Commonly held false data
Bias & logical fallacies
Interactive: Infographic: Your logical fallacy is ...
io9: The 12 cognitive biases that prevent youfrom being rational
NoBeliefs: List of common Fallacies
RationalWiki: List of cognitive biases
Wikipedia: List of cognitive biases
Logical reasoning & argumentation
WikiJob: What is logical reasoning?
Wikipedia: Logical reasoning
ProofWiki:Definition:Logical Argument
Purdue Online Writing Lab: Logic inArgumentative Writing
Dartmouth: Institute for Writing and Rhetoric:Logic & Argument
About
What is logic? Is logical thinking a way to discover or todebate? The answers from philosophy and mathematicsdefine human knowledge
Core concepts
Criteria assessment
what is the difference between a news story, anedtorial, humor, and an advertisement?
What is“fake news“?
Examples
Docufiction
AirMedia: Docufiction: Where Art and LifeMerge and Diverge
Open Access Articles Top Results forDocufiction
Videomaker: A CREATIVE TREATMENT OFACTUALITY
Wikipedia: Docufiction
Wikipedia: List of Docufiction Films
Gossip
Hoax news
Parody news
Propaganda
Tabloids
Definitions
“Fake news, or hoax news, refers to false information orpropaganda published under the guise of being authenticnews.“ Webopedia: fake news
“Fake news is madeup stuff, masterfully manipulatedto look like credible journalistic reports that are easilyspread online to large audiences willing to believe thefictions and spread the word.“ Politifact
“Fake news websites (also referred to as hoax news) deliberatelypublish hoaxes, propaganda, and disinformation purporting to be realnews — often using social media to drive web traffic and amplify theireffect. Unlike news satire, fake news websites seek to mislead, ratherthan entertain, readers for financial, political, or other gain.“ Wikipedia
“1) False or otherwise extremely exaggerated news stories used togenerate money from ad revenue by using clickbait titles or used to selltabloids in the grocery checkout line. 2) A term for a news article thatdoesn’t validate one’s political opinion.“ Urban Dictionary
“.@CraigSilverman’s three criteria for what actually counts as fakenews. We need to be careful with our terminology. #infoneeds“Joy Mayor (1) 100% false (2) Was knowingly created as being false(3) Has an economic motive.
Check before you share
Check the DATE
Check the source
Check a factchecker
Fact checkers
ABC Fact Check (AU)
Months after losing funding, ABC Fact Check isback
FactCheck
Viral Spiral: Don’t get spun by Internet rumors.
That Chain Email Your Friend Sent to You Is(Likely) Bogus. Seriously.
How to Spot Fake News
NPR
Politifact
Snopes
Trump Tweet Factchecker
Urban Legends
Washington Post
About fact checkers
Fact checkers have bias too
American Press Institute: Fact checking
Ballotpedia: The methodologies offactchecking
Duke Reporters Lab: Global Fact CheckingDatabase & Map
Duke Reporters Lab: How We Identify FactCheckers
The Hill: But who will check Facebooks’factcheckers?’
MIT Technology Review: The Limits ofFactChecking Facebook
Pacific Standard: How Wikipedia Is Cultivatingan Army of Fact Checkers to Battle Fake News
Politico: The Facts About Fact Checkers
Poynter: FactChecking
Utne Reader: The Facts About FactChecking
Washington Post: But who will factcheck thefactcheckers?
Wikipedia: Fact Checking
Zero Hedge: Visualizing the Fake NewsProblem (Infographic)
Fact checking examples
Internet Archive: This week’s TV newshighlights with fact checks
Check for bias
Go to the original sources
Immersion
talk to people outside your bubble
learn a foreign language
engage with people from other places
read international news
Examples
Check White House actual documents
Read the home town paper for events
Look at data and nonprofit sources
Use caution
Who watches the watchers?
Tips & Tools for Assessing Bias
How to Inoculate the Public AgainstMisinformation About Climate Change
Inoculating the Public against Misinformationabout Climate Change
Lagniappe
History
WWII
In the 1930s, Adolf Hitler arrested andexecuted ‘fake news’ journalists whorightfully claimed that Jews were beingexterminated
Fighting the Nazis With Fake News: A newdocumentary rediscovers a World War II
campaign that was stranger than nonfiction
The Long and Brutal History of Fake News
6 fake news stories in real history
Trump’s “fake news” playbook is rippedstraight from the pages of a 180yearoldmedia hoax
Bots
Political Bots
Politics
Equality
Unless The Government Acts Soon, FakeNews Will Produce Deep InformationInequality
Misinformation
Trump cranks up fog machine to confuse
American public
Michigan Daily: Fake news travels fast
Polarization
The Identity Politics Of The Trump Administration
Partisan media and fake newsonomics
Is the Internet Causing PoliticalPolarization? Evidence from Demographics
NBC News: Fake News? Hear a ’GreatPolitician’s’ Perspective
Politifact: 2016 Lie of the Year: Fake news
Sciences
Fake news invades science and sciencejournalism as well as politics
NY Times: 20th Century Fox Used Fake Newsto Publicize ‘A Cure for Wellness’
What makes antivaccine websitespersuasive? A content analysis oftechniques used by antivaccine websitesto engender antivaccine sentiment
Case Studies
Media Matters: How Media Outlets HelpedTrump Push A Fake News Story About BikersAnd His Inauguration
No, attack squirrels didn’t gnaw off Detroitman’s testicle
Detroit News: Study: Fake election newsflooded Mich. Twitter feeds
France24: How to spread fake news about Parisriots: A guide
Three thousand fake tanks: How a network ofconspiracy sites spread a fake story about USreinforcements in Europe
Political Bots: Academic Papers