may hear or see or feel things that aren’tthere, develop associations betweenthings that shouldn’t be associated;Normal patterns of reactions becomedisorganized

Hallucinations affect your perception;see, hear, feel, or even taste and smellthings that aren’t there or you willexperience distortions of yourperception

Delusions beliefs that are improbable orimpossible, and sometimes emergebecause of weird or seemingly randomassociations that the person makes

absence of emotional reactions (flat affect)

absence of normal speech→ (most extremeversion) is complete catatonia where thepatient seems zombielike, or unresponsive

Hypofrontality occurs shrinkage of thecortex, and a lack of activation in the frontallobes

Enlarged ventricles when you look at anMRI of the brain ventricles are the areaswhere cerebrospinal fluid flows through thebrain, and those areas get bigger whenother areas of the brain shrink.

degree of abnormality in the brain iscorrelated with the severity of symptomsBUT it isn’t clear whether the brainabnormalities cause the symptoms or are aconsequence of the disorder

Personality becomes disorder when itcauses problems for the person in terms ofsubjective distress or impairment

Borderline Personality Disorder

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Diagnosis of major depression occurs withlonglasting or recurring depressiveepisodes.

could lead to both subjective distress andimpairment.

Heritable component for depression; butit’s likely that genes interact withexperience to produce depression or,conversely, to produce resistance todepression.

elated energetic powerful/grandiose,(don’tneed sleep) very impulsive and risky, (littlethought of consequences/ feeling that thingscan’t possibly go wrong) loss of contact withreality=person believes that they aresupernatural/royalty/smarter than everyoneelse in the world OR some feel very irritableand angry.

might not have ‘subjective distress’associated with it, but it could certainly leadto impairment

definitely more ‘up’ than normal butdoesn’t include any delusions or reallyextreme behaviors: people may be moreproductive than usual, or more creative andexcitable. It isn’t a disorder, all by itself, andpeople report that it feels pretty great.

Bipolar I: manic episodes, and may alsoinclude depressive episodes or milddepressive symptoms that alternate withthe manic episodes.

Bipolar II: hypomanic episodes as well asdepressive episodes

twin studies have revealed a much strongerassociation between identical twins forbipolar, compared to major depression, andthis suggests a stronger genetic role forbipolar disorder.

Dysthymia is a milder chronic depression

Cyclothymia is a milder chronic version ofBipolar

Specific versions of depression associatedwith major hormone fluctuations

variations suggest that there are definitebiological triggers for mood episodes thatare separate from how good or bad yourlife experience might be

major consideration is the subjective distressof the person with anxiety and the likelihoodthat anxiety will impair aspects of theperson’s life

People tend to always be worried or onedge, but not about anything specific

only diagnosed if you’ve had repeatedpanic attacks and it has affected your lifenegatively

e.g.) you have fear of dogs and you quityour job because your coworker who isblind uses a service dog.

e.g.) job interview or public speaking,parties

PostTraumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD hasa specific trigger that starts the disorder;anxiety is major component of symptoms

ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder(OCD)obsessions or compulsions must takeup a significant amount of time or causedistress or impairment, and can’t beexplained by some other disorder

strong heritable component to thepersonality trait of neuroticism

genes associated with the production anduse of neurotransmitters likenorepinephrine that are associated withalarm and fear reactions

people can learn to be afraid of specificstimuli, and that specific events can triggerthe onset of symptoms

Categorical approach = people aredescribed as having a disorder or not andbeing diagnosed with a specific disorderwithin a specific category of disorders

Dimensional approach = people are ratedalong a spectrum for each symptom andtheir final ‘diagnosis’ would be adescription of where they are at for eachsymptom

Descriptive = under diagnostic criteriaprovide descriptions of the symptomsassociated with each disorder otherdetails about success rates for sometreatments.

Diagnosis for a disorder includes checklistsof symptoms, duration of symptoms, andother factors

disorders can have multiple causes

disordered behavior as a consequence ofthe unconscious mind protecting theconscious mind, or as some failure of theego to balance between the id andsuperego.

failing to improve or achieve the idealversion of the self

focus on genetic and physiologicalexplanations for disorders

based on classical and operant conditioningexplanations for behavior

not functioning properly

whether someone is suffering as a result ofthe symptom or trait

e.g.)medical causes of symptoms/sideeffects of prescribed meds