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Mindmap-Galerie Design History Chapter 6 - Design 3 Mind Map in the Mature Period of Industrialization
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Design History Chapter 6 - Design 3 Mind Map in the Mature Period of Industrialization
Design History Chapter 6 - Design 3 Mind Map in the Mature Period of Industrialization, the rise of modern design 1 and its repercussions in Europe, including Expressionism, Italian Futurism, Russian Constructivism, etc.
Bearbeitet um 2023-11-17 20:05:06
Design History Chapter 6 - Design 3 Mind Map in the Mature Period of Industrialization
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Industrial society Design in mature stage (3) The rise of modern design (1) Repercussions in Europe
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definition
In the plastic arts, the emphasis is placed on the expression of the artist's subjective spirit and strong emotions, resulting in the exaggeration, deformation, and grotesque treatment of objective things.
nature
It reflects the hesitation and depression brought to intellectuals by the sharp class antagonism and contradictions in German society in the early 20th century.
represent
Germany
Eric Mendelsohn
1920n design of the Einstein Observatory in Potsdam: the most typical example of Expressionist architecture
Schocken store in Stuttgart
Hans Perziger
1919n Berlin Grand Theater: One of the expressionist buildings: the interior space, columns and ceiling are treated like a karst cave
Nordic
Netherlands: Michel de Klerk:
1918n designed the Eugen Harder Estate in Amsterdam, combining expressionist enthusiasm with the traditional style of Dutch houses.
William Marius Ducdo:
The clear geometric structure of the Hilversum City Hall shows that he was also influenced by De Stijl.
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definition:
The Futurist movement initiated by the Italian poet Marinetti advocated that art should reflect modern machine civilization, response speed, power and competition. It was a fanatical anti-traditional radical faction. In 1914n, he published "Futurist Architecture Propaganda"
represent: Antonio · Santa Elia
Representative works; "Plan of the City of Chitavano", "New Town", "Train Station and Airport with Cable Car"
evaluate
There are many merits in the idea of new cities. At least some of the ideas have been realized in modern cities (it is argued that the concentration of urban population will not be stressful as long as it is complemented by rapid transportation)
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definition nature
The main avant-garde art genre popular in Russia on the eve of the October Revolution, together with Radiationism and Suprematism, were both art genres derived from the influence of Cubism. They first appeared in the field of sculpture and later developed into the fields of painting, drama, music, and architectural design. , its exploration has a political color that serves the proletariat, and its modern design exploration is called the "Constructivist Design Movement" but was stifled by Stalin in 1925n
design Thought
1. Flaunt the ideological, formal and democratic nature of art
2. It is believed that technology and art are inseparable, and "structure" is the starting point of design. This view has become the modernist design perspective, especially the starting point of architectural design. It is also the main manifestation of the influence of constructivism on the Bauhaus.
style feature
Non-representational simple shapes (such as circles, rectangles, straight lines)
Discuss "rationalism" using new technologies and new materials
Study architectural space, adopt rational structural expression methods, explore simplicity of expression, free simplicity and functional expression after getting rid of representation, and end with structural expression.
Combining the materiality of the building with the political proposition of ideology, it embodies the great spirit of the proletarian regime in a huge volume and magnificent form.
representative figure
Malevich
One of the important representatives of constructivism, he established the "Suprematism Group" on the basis of Cubism and Futurism, with the purpose of exploring a new modeling language based on material and structure.
Tatlin
Thoughts and opinions
It advocates the combination of mechanical spirit and design art, emphasizing the close connection between design and engineering.
Representative works
Monument to the Third International: a representative work of constructivist thought, a metaphor for the victory of the revolution, using a transparent steel frame to spiral up, abstract and dynamic. The interior includes an international conference center, a radio station, etc., reflecting his aesthetic thoughts of praising technology and advocating engineering structures.
other participants
Alexander Rodchenko; El Reshetsky
Soviet Union architecture
Features
Express the social nature of architecture: improve the lives of working people and enhance the aesthetic quality of the entire nation through the material and cultural elements of architecture.
Specific techniques of different factions
Association of Modern Architects: Advocates that technology and politics must be organically unified under the guidance of dialectics
Socialist Architects Association: Propose the slogan "Function comes first"
All-Soviet Proletarian Architects Association: Research focusing on architectural form
The three factions are always arguing and talking, The actual designs were copied from each other, become the same
Representative works
Vining Brothers: Workers' Palace in central Moscow and Leningrad Pravda building
Expressionist Designer: Mendelssohn designed the Leningrad Textile Factory Building in 1925n
Corbusier, France: 1928n designed the Moscow Cooperative General Building
The Soviet Pavilion at the 1937n Paris International Exposition, the highest achievement of the architectural movement in that period, designed by Konstantin Melnikov
German Industrial Design Alliance
definition and historical status
Abbreviated as DAB, it is a semi-official organization established in Germany in 1907 at the initiative of Hermann Muttheus. Its members include manufacturers, architects and craftsmen. After receiving government support, it became the world's first government-run design promotion center, and later transformed into an unofficial design guild, playing a decisive role in the history of modern German design. The organization aims to improve the quality of industrial products and openly pursues commercial purposes. It established the German product quality tradition and marked the beginning of the German modernist design movement.
purpose (Fried Rick New Man drafted)
Promote the combination of art, industry and handicrafts
We advocate efforts to integrate the designs of various projects through education and publicity, Perfect art, industrial design and crafts
Emphasis on taking the unofficial route and avoiding political interference on design
Vigorously promote and advocate functionalism and recognize modern industry
Definitely keep any decorations low
Advocate standardization and batching
representative figure
Hermann Muthus
ideological theory
Behrens
historical status
An early leader of new architecture and one of the representatives of youth style, he worked for the German General Electric Company aeg Designed the world's first corporate image logo, designed a turbine factory building, and built a modern architecture landmark in architectural design
Design thinking
Starting from function, we basically abandon cumbersome decoration and emphasize clean and functional appearance and structure. On the basis of focusing on function and technical performance, we pursue the simplicity of design form
Main contributions
Boldly adopt new materials and new technologies in product design, and achieve mass production based on standardization.
A series of designs for General Motors have included the concept of modern corporate image planning
Get rid of traditional forms in architectural design and creatively use new materials and technologies, setting a model for modern architecture
The rise of German modernism is inseparable from the design practice of Behrens, whose design office cultivated Important figures of modernism such as Gropius laid the foundation for the development of modernism
industry alliance of Used in Influence
1. Its establishment was a major event in the history of modern design. Since the establishment of the organization, German designers have had a reunion center, and the organization's various exhibitions and seminars have become places for the design pioneers of the time to study issues.
2. The organization influenced and cultivated a new generation of people, such as Gropius, Mies Corbusier, etc.
3. It pioneered an active scene of industrial design in Germany, laid the foundation for the development of German industrial design, established the basic concept of industrial design, and truly heralded the advent of a new era of design art.
4. prompting other countries to follow Germany's example and establish similar government-backed design organizations
1914n Cologne Controversy
event
The debate between van de Velde and Muthus on standardization
evaluate
Facts have proved that design standardization and mechanized production methods are the inevitable results of social development. Mutesius's views are recognized by most people. The debate also played a positive role in promoting the development of German art and design, and the Alliance also realized this idea in practice.
1914n Weissenhoff modern architecture exhibition
1927n The Industrial Alliance, led by Mies, holds an exhibition of modern architecture in Stuttgart
exhibition Features
Functionalism, no decoration, the colors are mostly neutral tones such as white and gray, and the forms are all structuralist square combinations. Most buildings are supported by columns, so they have six sides. Most of the buildings use standard prefabricated parts. The construction period In a short time, these have almost become the standard model of collective housing construction all over the world.
evaluate historical status
The exhibition displays the designs of almost all the most important modern architectural masters of the time, embodying the main features of modernist architecture such as functionalism, non-decoration, reductionism, six-sided structure, and pedestrian passages, which are the most important aspects of modern design. exhibit
radical anti-ornamentalism
Dutch orchid wind grid group transport move
definition
Emerging in the early 20th century, it is an important component of the early modernist design movement. It originated from the Dutch painting art style and had a great influence on design. It is regarded as one of the important expressions of modernist design. It is different from the movement with distinctive themes and complete structures (three-dimensional ism, Surrealism), and unlike the Bauhaus art and design school, it does not have a complete structure and propaganda
design Thought
1. Adhere to the social role of art, architecture, and design
2. Believe that there is a balance between generalization and particularization, collective and individual
3. For changing mechanism and new technology style, there is a utopian spirit of romance and idealism
4. Believe that art and design have the power to change personal lives and lifestyles and change the future
style characteristics
1. Completely stripping away the characteristics of traditional architecture, furniture and product design, painting, and sculpture, turning them into the most basic geometric structural units (elements), isolating or even making certain factors absolute
2. Use geometric monomers to form simple structural combinations, but in the new structure, the monomers still maintain relative independence and distinct visibility.
representative figure
Duesberg
historical status
The founder of De Stijl theory, his early style was influenced by various Impressionism, Fauvism, Expressionism, and Cubism. He was contradictory: while advocating internationalism, he was attracted by Dadaism. His greatest theoretical contribution was the elaboration of "Concreteism", which gave The artist brings the possibility of a highly artificial and independent visual system and thoroughly clarifies the context in which geometric movements arise.
Design proposition:
Art should be "abstract and simplified" and use mathematical structures to oppose impressionism and "baroque" art forms
Design elements:
Line, rectangle, square. The use of "elements" is a typical feature of Duesberg's works
Mondrian
historical status
The artist behind the De Stijl movement and one of the founders of non-representational painting, he believed that art should be fundamentally separated from the external forms of nature, with the purpose of expressing the abstract spirit, and the pursuit of the absolute state of the unity of man and God, that is, "pure abstraction", which influenced later generations.
design proposition
Lines and colors are the essence of painting and should be allowed to exist independently.
Only compositions composed of the simplest geometric forms and the purest colors are eternal paintings with universal significance.
Rietveit
historical status
De Stijl designers, all designs strive to emphasize the combination of line, volume, and space of each component of the design object by the simplest means, which is almost a visual statement of De Stijl principles. He often uses concise forms and three primary colors to create beautiful and functional designs. Architecture and furniture, and is therefore regarded as one of the most important figures in modern architecture and design.
Representative works
The 1918n red and blue chair abandons all curve factors and is made of straight wooden strips and rectangular versions: black wooden strips vertically form the basic space of the chair, red backrest, and yellow wooden strips cross-section. Although functionally uncomfortable and more sculptural, it proves that the final form of the product depends on the structure, and this standard structure provides potential for future mass-produced furniture.
Schroeder House: 1924n worked closely with the owner, Mrs. True Schroeder: the building adopts a frame structure, a flat roof, a three-dimensional composition form both inside and outside the building, and the facade is constructed in the form of vertical and horizontal squares, and the colors are used White and bright reds, yellows and blues are completely architectural expressions of Mondrian's paintings. The interior furniture was also designed by him, with the same style, as early as Le Corbusier's Savoy House 3n, Mies's German Pavilion 4n, Mies's Tugen Hart House 5n and Wright's Fallingwater Villa 17n are of great significance in the history of modern architecture and were listed as a World Cultural Heritage in 2000n
Impact and significance
1. It had a great influence on the formation of the world's modernist style. Its simple geometric forms, neutral colors, cubist shapes and rationalist features became the standard symbol of the internationalist style between the two wars.
2. From the very beginning, it has pursued "abstraction and simplification" of art, opposed individuality, eliminated all expression components and devoted itself to pure spiritual expression common to all people, that is, pure abstraction. 20c20n De Stijl crossed the borders of the Netherlands and became the pioneer of European avant-garde art. Its aesthetic ideas have penetrated into various fields such as painting, sculpture, architecture, crafts, and design in various countries, and have a profound influence on modern architecture and design.
3. Its influence on modern design is concentrated in the modern design experimental center: Bauhaus. Duesberg's vigorous promotion, De Stijl thought and modeling language brought new air to Bauhaus, and some of the works of Bauhaus students can be seen De Stijl influence
4. The Style Party played an important role in promoting the modernist trend in the early 20th century, not only in that it provided a new styling language for modern design, but also in that it proposed a new understanding of the social significance of design that is in line with social development, and expanded practical practice