Work

Work

Capitalism to socialism to communism

Mechanism = revolution

Big role for capitalism!

Alienation

Class consciousness

International

Dictatorship of the proletariat

State will wither away

Historical (dialectical)materialism

Doesn't require capitalist stage in dialectic

Vanguard elite

Dictatorship of the proletariat democratic centralism

Socialism in one country doctrine

Mechanism = revolution

Mechanism = inevitability of gradualism

Keynesian economics

Antonio Gramsci

Cultural hegemony establisted by capitalism

Socialist cultural vanguard required

Mechanism = ballot box via gradualism and cultural hegemony shift

No need for revolution or dictatorship of the proletariat

Gradualist / evolutionary

Mishmash of ideas based on classical Marxism

Cultural vanguard

State sponsored anti-socialist forces were toopowerful for evolutionary change

Mechanism = spontaneous revolution

Ralph Miliband (father of Ed and David)

Eduard Bernstein "Evolutionary Socialism" 1898

Widening franchise with 2 Reform Acts in response to French Revolution

"A rising tide raises all boats"

Capitalism was adapting not revolting

Mixed economy = socialism and capitalism can co-exist

Mechanism = gradual adaptation of capitalism enables more socialist state

Emerged strongly after the Great Depression 1930s and WW2

Keynesian economics

Managed / reformed capitalism

Government intervention during recessions (e.g. New Deal in USA)

Anthony Crossland "The Future of Socialism" 1956

Inequality to be attacked not just economically but also by greater equality in education

Mechanism = None (co-exist). Gradual adaptation of capitalism enables more socialist state

Associated with new Labour and Tony Blair

Came to prominence after fall of communism in early 90s

Anthony Giddens = Key Thinker

Close to paternalistic conservatism?

Capitalism with a social conscious?

Is it truly socialist?

Mechanism = None (co-exist). Gradual adaptation of capitalism enables more socialist state

Progressive taxation

Progressive public spending

Extensive public services

Collectivisation state / common ownership