Upper Tract lined with ciliated mucosa warms, humidifies, filters, moves dust andsecrets lysozyme.

Lower Tract

Independently C02diffuses in the opposite direction becausePC02 is higher in the blood than in thealveoli.

Cellsconstantly make C02 (which raises in PC02)whilst consuming oxygen to make ATP(lowers the Pc02)

Transport of Oxygen

Transport of Carbon Dioxide

the rate and depth of breathing is mainlyinfluence by changes in PC02, P02 and pH

The branch stem has centralchemoreceptors

the aortic arch and carotid arteries haveperipheral chemoreceptors.

voluntary control by the cereal cortex.

anxiety, anticipation and commencingexercise raises respiratory rate and depth.

pain may raise or lower the respiratory rate.

irritation of the pharynx or larynx stopsbreathing then causes coughing orsneezing,

Pulmonary

exchange of oxygen and C02

Transport of gases in the blood

regulation of ventilation

factors influencing respirated