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Mindmap-Galerie Histology and Embryology - Blood and Lymph
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Histology and Embryology - Blood and Lymph
This is a mind map about histology and embryology - blood and lymph, including: blood, lymph, and mononuclear phagocyte system.
Bearbeitet um 2023-02-04 17:54:16
Histology and Embryology - Blood and Lymph
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blood and lymph
blood
constitute
plasma
Accounting for 55% of blood volume, light yellow translucent viscous liquid
Physical and chemical properties
pH: 7.3～7.4
Relative density: 1.025～1.030
Osmotic pressure: 313 mOsm
sticky
composition
90% water
Plasma proteins - albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
Function
Circulating fluid that transports blood cells, nutrients, hormones, and metabolites throughout the body
Participate in the body's immune response, body temperature regulation, body fluid regulation, maintenance of acid-base balance and osmotic pressure
The function of maintaining a stable internal environment in the body
blood cells
red blood cells
form
Biconcave disc shape, thinner in the center and thicker around
Mature red blood cells have no nuclei or organelles
The cells are filled with hemoglobin and various enzymes
ferritin
Combine with oxygen in areas with high oxygen content and separate from oxygen in areas with low oxygen content
Spectrin, various membrane skeleton proteins
Interactions between membrane skeleton proteins maintain the normal shape of red blood cells
An embedded glycoprotein on the surface of cell membranes that determines an individual's blood type
Average lifespan 120 days
Main function: carrying oxygen, transporting oxygen
characteristic
Red blood cells have good deformability
Red blood cell deformation requires the participation of energy
The stability of red blood cell membranes requires normal energy supply
disease
Anemia: The number of red blood cells is less than 3×10¹² per liter/hemoglobin is less than 100g/L
Polycythemia vera: The number of red blood cells reaches (7-10)
Hereditary spherocytosis, the external environment of red blood cells is abnormal, and the plasma osmotic pressure is reduced - the red blood cell membrane ruptures, hemoglobin overflows, and hemolysis occurs. The remaining red blood cell membrane sacs after hemolysis are called blood shadows.
newborn red blood cells
Yellow tar blue stain - blue fine mesh - reticulocytes
Patients with bone marrow hematopoietic dysfunction have low reticulocyte count
Reticulocyte count has clinical significance—hematological disease indicator
leukocyte
form
Colorless nucleated spherical cells
Function
defense and immunity
Classification
granulocytic leukocytes
Neutrophils (50%~70%)
Electron microscope structure
The biggest amount
The nucleus is rod-shaped or lobed. The more lobed the nucleus is, the closer the cell is to senescence.
Stained lavender - the cytoplasm contains 20% azurophilic granules, which is a lysosome containing acid phosphatase, peroxidase, lysozyme, cathepsin - digests and engulfed bacteria and foreign matter
Dyeing light red - 80% of special granules, a secreted granule containing alkaline phosphatase, collagenase, lysozyme and lactoferrin and other non-enzyme antibacterial protein molecules - can kill bacteria and dissolve bacteria surface glycoprotein
Function
Under the action of chemokines, perform deformation movements
Participate in body defense and immune functions
Eosinophils (0.5%-3%)
Light mirror structure
spherical
The nucleus is rod-shaped or lobed, divided into 2 lobes
The cytoplasm is filled with thick, evenly distributed, orange-red stained, refractive eosinophilic granules.
Electron microscope structure
There are rectangular crystals inside and a dense fine granular matrix.
The particles are special lysosomes and also contain 4 kinds of cationic proteins
Function
Phagocytosis and secretion
Phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes
suppress allergic reactions
Breaking down histamine, arylsulfatase inactivates leukotrienes, thereby mitigating allergic reactions
Kill parasites
The cell surface adheres to the worms and releases basic proteins and various enzymes
Basophils (0%-1%)
Light mirror structure
Spherical nucleus with lobes or S shape
Light coloring, unclear outline
The cytoplasm contains blue-purple basophilic granules of varying sizes, sparsely and unevenly distributed, and of different shades.
Electron microscope structure
The membrane particles are filled with fine particles, which are evenly distributed, and some lamellar or filament-like structures can be seen in some particles.
The granules contain histamine and heparin, and the cytoplasm contains leukotrienes.
Function
Similar to mast cells, involved in allergic reactions
agranulocytosis
monocytes
Light mirror structure
Spherical
The nucleus is kidney-shaped, horseshoe-shaped or oval
The cytoplasm is rich and gray-blue, and there are many smaller azurophilic granules in the cytoplasm.
Electron microscope structure
Cell surface has wrinkles and short microvilli
The cytoplasm contains many membrane-enclosed granules and phagocytic vacuoles (characteristics of lysosomes)
Function
Active deformation movement - obvious chemotaxis
After bone marrow is formed, it enters the blood circulation, travels to connective tissues and organs throughout the body, and differentiates into different types of macrophages.
Lymphocytes (20%-30%)
Light mirror structure
Spherical in shape, varying in size, with the largest number of small lymphocytes in peripheral blood
The nucleus is round, with a depression on one side, and the chromatin is thick and deeply stained.
Very little cytoplasm, containing a few azurophilic granules
Function
Thymus-dependent lymphocytes (75%)
Participate in cellular immunity and regulate immune response
Bone marrow-dependent lymphocytes (10%-15%)
After being stimulated by antigen, they proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells and participate in humoral immunity.
Natural killer cells (NK cells)
Directly kill tumor cells
platelets
Overview
Commonly known as thrombus cells, they are small pieces of cytoplasm shed by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.
Light mirror structure
in living conditions
biconvex flat disk
subject to mechanical or chemical stimulation
Small bumps sticking out, irregular shape
Aggregated in groups, without nuclei, with intact cell membranes
The peripheral part is light blue - called the transparent area; the central dense blue-purple particles - called the granular area
There are microfilaments and microtubules in the transparent area
There are three types of particles in the granule area - special (alpha particles), dense (delta particles), and lysosomes (lambda particles)
Electron microscope structure
Thick sugar coating, microtubules maintain platelet morphology
Platelet granules contain bleeding and coagulation-related substances and cytokines
canalicular system
open canaliculus
Connected to the surface of platelets, facilitating the release of granule contents
Dense tubules
Located in transparent zone
Electron-dense irregular closed tubules, equivalent to smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Collect calcium ions and synthesize prostaglandins
Function
Involved in hemostasis and coagulation processes
Protect vascular endothelium, participate in endothelial repair, and prevent atherosclerosis
Take peripheral blood and add an appropriate amount of anticoagulant (heparin or sodium citrate)
The upper layer is light yellow plasma
The lower dark red layer is red blood cells
The thin gray-white layer in the middle is white blood cells and platelets
lymph
Liquid in lymphatic vessels, formed by tissue fluid seeping into lymphatic capillaries
After flowing through the lymph nodes, the bacteria are cleared, lymphocytes and antibodies appear, and monocytes can be seen
Different parts, different physiological conditions, different lymph components
Lymphatic clearing of limbs
The lymph in the small intestine becomes milky white due to large amounts of fat droplets - chyle
Liver lymph contains large amounts of plasma proteins
Lymph is an auxiliary channel for the return of tissue fluid, maintaining the dynamic balance of tissue fluid in all parts of the body.
mononuclear phagocyte system
concept
Derived from monocytes, a cell population with phagocytic function
type
dendritic cells in lymphoid organs
nervous system microglia
Osteoclasts in bone tissue
Kupffer cells in the liver
Dust cells in the lungs
Function
Eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and foreign matter invading the body
Eliminate aging diseased cells in the body and participate in regulating immune response
Secretes a variety of cytokines to participate in the regulation of hematopoiesis in the body