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Mindmap-Galerie Organic Chemistry Alkenes Mind Map

Organic Chemistry Alkenes Mind Map

Organic chemistry, also known as the chemistry of carbon compounds, is the science that studies the composition, structure, properties, preparation methods and applications of organic compounds. It is an extremely important branch of chemistry.

Bearbeitet um 2021-07-30 18:18:41

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Organic Chemistry Alkenes Mind Map

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Alkenes

Structure and isomerism of alkenes

CnH2

Blocked π bond rotation leads to geometric isomerism

Cis isomerism: the same groups are on the same side

Trans isomerism: the same groups are on opposite sides

Nomenclature of alkenes

Ethylene (ethene) propylene (propene) isopropylene (isobutene) common nomenclature

IUPAC systematic nomenclature

1. Select the main chain: the longest chain containing double bonds

2. Numbering: Start close to the opposite side of the double bond

Representation method of geometric isomerism:

cis (cis) trans (trans)

Z (priority groups are on the same side) E (priority groups are on both sides)

Determination of priority groups

The isotope with the larger atomic number is preferred, and the isotope with the larger mass is preferred.

If the first atoms are the same, continue the backward comparison until the result is obtained.

Groups containing double or triple bonds are compared according to 2 or 3 single bonds.

Physical properties of alkenes

C2~4 are gases, C5~15 are liquids, and higher olefins are solids

Insoluble in water, easily soluble in organic solvents.

Density less than 1, but slightly greater than the corresponding alkanes

The boiling point increases as the number of atoms increases, and the boiling point decreases as the number of branches increases.

The cis isomer is more polar and has a higher boiling point than the trans form but a lower melting point

chemical properties of alkenes

electrophilic addition reaction

Adding halogen produces o-dihalogenated compounds

Quick response at room temperature

Use bromine in carbon tetrachloride solution to identify alkenes. The solution changes from reddish brown to colorless.

Reactivity order: F Cl Br I

reaction steps

The addition of halogen cations and alkenes produces active intermediates (three-membered ring halide cations). This step is the rate-determining step.

The electronegative part attacks from the back to obtain the trans addition product

Add hydrogen halide to form a halide

reaction process

The order of stability of the generated carbocation: tertiary, secondary, tertiary

Electrophilic addition of asymmetric alkenes always tends to produce more stable carbocation intermediates

Carbocation rearrangement

Tends to produce more stable carbocation intermediates

Concentrated sulfuric acid produces hydrogen sulfate ester

Further decomposition into alcohol is a method to generate alcohol.

Comply with Markov's rules

Reacts with halogen aqueous solution to form α-halohydrin

trans addition

Hydroboration oxidation generates anti-Martensitic addition of primary alcohols

dimerization of olefins

Catalyzed by sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid

Catalytic hydrogenation

Methods for preparing corresponding alkanes from alkenes

cis addition

Exothermic reaction

free radical addition

peroxide effect

free radical polymerization

polyethylene

alpha halogenation reaction

Oxidation of Alkenes

Generate ketones and aldehydes

Infer the original olefin structure based on the product structure

Peroxyacid oxidation generates acids and corresponding alkylene oxides

Industrial sources and uses of olefins

Source: Oil Cracking

Industrial picture: Preparation of polyethylene

Preparation methods of olefins

Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides

Strong alkaline conditions, alcohol solution, heating

alcohol dehydration

Sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid are commonly used as catalysts

Dehalogenation of o-dihalogenated compounds

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