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Mindmap-Galerie The morphology, structure and function of eukaryotic microorganisms
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The morphology, structure and function of eukaryotic microorganisms
Edited by Zhou Deqing, Chapter 2 of Microbiology - The Form, Structure and Function of Eukaryotic Microorganisms, definition: a large class of organisms whose nuclei have nuclear membranes, can undergo mitosis, and have mitochondria or chloroplasts and other organelles in their cytoplasm. Fungi, microscopic algae and protozoa are microorganisms belonging to the eukaryotic class, so they are called eukaryotic microorganisms.
Bearbeitet um 2024-04-10 14:03:24
The morphology, structure and function of eukaryotic microorganisms
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The morphology, structure and function of eukaryotic microorganisms
Overview of eukaryotic microorganisms
Definition: A large class of organisms whose nuclei have a nuclear membrane, can undergo mitosis, and have mitochondria or chloroplasts and other organelles in their cytoplasm. Fungi, microscopic algae, and protozoa are microorganisms that belong to the eukaryotic class, so they are called eukaryotic microorganisms.
Main groups of eukaryotic microorganisms
plant kingdom
animal world
fungi kingdom
Cell structure of eukaryotic microorganisms
cell wall
Fungi
Main ingredients: polysaccharides, and a small amount of protein and lipids
Lower fungi: cellulose Yeast: glucan Higher terrestrial fungi: chitin
algae
Main ingredients: cellulose, interstitial polysaccharides (heteropolysaccharides)
Flagella and cilia
Definition: Some eukaryotic microbial cells have long or short hair-like organelles with motor functions on the cell surface. Among them, flagella are longer and less numerous, and cilia are shorter and more numerous.
Morphological structure: whip pole, matrix, transition zone
plasma membrane
Function: A mechanical and permeable barrier between cells and the external environment. It has the functions of selectively transporting internal and external substances, regulating the relationship between cells, and surface adsorption, synthesis and secretion.
cell nucleus
Definition: The main part of the cell that controls the storage, replication and transcription of genetic information for all life activities. It uses chromatin as a carrier to store most of the genetic information in the cell.
Components: Nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus and nuclear matrix
Cytoplasm and organelles
Cell matrix and cytoskeleton
Cell matrix: the necessary environment for the existence of various organelles and an important base for cellular metabolic activities
Cytoskeleton: has the functions of support, transportation and movement to maintain the normal shape of cells and ensure the orderly conduct of internal activities
Endoplasmic reticulum: has the function of synthesizing and transporting extracellular secreted proteins; closely related to lipid and calcium metabolism, etc.
Ribosomes: have the function of protein synthesis
Golgi apparatus: Concentrates proteins synthesized by rough endoplasmic reticulum and combines them with self-synthesized carbohydrate lipids. After processing and packaging, they form glycoproteins and lipoprotein secretion vesicles, which are secreted out of the cell through efflux.
Lysosome: Digestion within the cell, digesting self-dead proteins and foreign matter
Microbody: It can protect cells from hydrogen peroxide poisoning and can oxidize and decompose fatty acids, etc.
Mitochondria: Convert the chemical potential contained in organic matter into energy required for life activities
Chloroplasts: have the important function of performing photosynthesis, synthesizing carbon dioxide and water into glucose, and releasing oxygen.
Vacuoles: not only have the function of maintaining cell osmotic pressure and storing nutrients, but also have the function of lysosomes
Membrane body: its function may be related to secretion of hydrolase or synthesis of cell wall
Chitinsomes: Continuously transport the enzymes contained in them to the surface of the cell wall at the tip of the hyphae, where chitin microfibers are continuously synthesized, thereby ensuring that the hyphae continue to extend forward.
Hydrogenosomes: usually found near the base of the flagellum, providing the ability for its movement
yeast
Definition: Yeast is generally believed to have the following five characteristics: 1. Individuals generally exist in a single-cell, non-hyphae state. 2. Most of the plants reproduce by budding. 3. Facultative anaerobic, capable of fermenting sugars to produce energy. 4. Cell walls often contain mannan. 5. Live in aquatic environments with high sugar content and high acidity.
Shape: Usually spherical, oval, elliptical, columnar and sausage-shaped, etc.
structure
Cell wall: The main component is yeast cellulose, the outer layer is mannan, and the inner layer is glucan.
Cell membrane: Main components are proteins, esters and a small amount of sugars
Nucleus: Having a stereotyped nucleus surrounded by a porous nuclear membrane
Other structures: large vacuoles in mature yeast cells
Reproduction method
asexual
Budding (most common)
fission
produce asexual spores
sexual
Formation of ascospores and production of ascospores
Life history (life cycle)
Trophic bodies can exist in both haploid and diploid forms
Characteristics: 1. Under normal circumstances, budding and reproduction can be carried out in the vegetative state; 2. The vegetative body can exist in both haploid and diploid forms; 3. Sexuality can only occur under specific conditions. reproduce
Trophic bodies can only exist in haploid form
Characteristics: 1. Vegetative cells are haploid; 2. Asexual reproduction is fission; 3. Diploid cells cannot live independently.
Trophic bodies can only exist in diploid form
Characteristics: 1. The vegetative body is diploid and continues to germinate, and this stage is long; 2. The haploid stage only exists in the form of ascospores and cannot live independently; 3. The haploid ascospores are in the ascus conjugation occurs within
Colonies: generally appear moister, more transparent, with a smooth surface and easy to stir up. The texture of the colonies is uniform, and the colors of the front and back sides, edges and central parts are more consistent.
Filamentous fungi – mold
Definition: Usually refers to those fungi that have relatively developed mycelium and do not produce large fleshy fruiting bodies.
structure
The basic unit of mold vegetative body is hyphae, and the inner layer of cell wall is chitin.
Mycelium
vegetative mycelium
Definition: Mycelium that is densely distributed inside a solid nutrient matrix and mainly performs the function of absorbing nutrients.
Specialized form
Rhizomes: have functions such as fixation and absorption of nutrients
creeping hyphae
Hausticle: A finger-like, spherical or filament-like structure that can be formed in the invading cells to absorb nutrients from the host cells instead of killing them.
Appressoria
attached branch
sclerotia
Fungi
Bacterial loops and bacterial nets
Vaporized mycelium
Definition: Mycelium extending into space
specialized structure
Simple structure sub-entity
Complex structure of sub-entities
Specialized morphology of mycelium in liquid culture
Special structure that produces mycelial balls
Fungal spores: The reproductive capacity of fungi is extremely strong, mainly by producing a large number of asexual spores or sexual spores. The characteristics of fungal spores are that they have many microcytosides, different shapes and colors, a long dormancy period and strong resistance. Reverse nature
Colony: relatively loose in appearance, dry and opaque in appearance, loose or tight in the shape of a spider web, fluffy, cotton-like or sticky. The connection between the colony and the culture medium is tight and difficult to adjust. The color structure of the front and back of the colony and The color structure of the edge and center is often inconsistent, etc.
Fungi that produce large fruiting bodies—mushrooms
Definition: Usually refers to those fungi that can form large fleshy fruiting bodies, including most basidiomycetes and very few ascomycetes
Characteristics: Newly formed large fleshy, leathery or corky fruiting bodies of various shapes, sizes and colors.