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Mindmap-Galerie Answering techniques for various types of high school biology questions and summary of various types of questions
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Answering techniques for various types of high school biology questions and summary of various types of questions
To summarize the techniques and knowledge for answering various high school biology questions, just look at this map! This map summarizes the answering techniques and precautions for common question types in high school biology - multiple-choice questions, exploratory questions, experimental questions, etc. It also summarizes high-frequency test points by question type. The detailed content is worth reading several times.
Bearbeitet um 2020-12-22 20:47:20
Answering techniques for various types of high school biology questions and summary of various types of questions
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Answering techniques for various types of high school biology questions and summary of various types of questions
Answering techniques for various question types
Multiple choice questions
Promote “reading questions twice”
The first pass: read quickly and catch key words
Second pass: Slow down and narrow the scope
Master the "Error Principle"
"Knowledge errors" ranked first
"Logic errors" ranked second
"Expression errors" ranked third
"Does not meet the requirements of the question" ranked fourth
Enable "contrastive thinking" and use "known" to deduce "unknown"
Compare charts and options first, then eliminate them
Unknown knowledge, use the known to deduce the unknown
Pay attention to the unspoken rules unique to biology
The conclusions of confirmatory experimental questions are generally required to be consistent with the positive knowledge in the textbook
Genetic traits that appear in textbooks need to be written and deduced in one sentence
Refers to "phenotype" unless otherwise specified
There is no explanation in the derivation of the genetic pedigree that "diseased" means "normal" etc.
Research questions
Master the basics of biology
Deeply understand and flexibly apply the basic principles, concepts and laws of biology
Cultivate scientific thinking methods and complete exploratory experiments
Deeply understand the design ideas of teaching material experiments
Carefully analyze the experiments involved in the textbook and understand the experimental principles and purpose requirements
Understand the methods and principles for selecting materials and utensils, and master experimental methods and experimental procedures
In-depth analysis of the scientificity, correctness, rigor and variability of experimental conditions, processes, phenomena or results
Be able to describe the principles, purposes, method steps, phenomena and result predictions of classic experiments in textbooks
Provide scientific experimental basis for experimental design and build a basic framework
Learn to perform variations on known experiments
Developing different thinking helps improve experimental comprehensive ability
Simulate classic experiments in textbooks for repetitive experimental design
Master the general rules of experimental design
Utilize and apply classic experimental summary methods to improve experimental design capabilities
Be concise and concise to improve the accuracy of your answers
During review -> Strengthen standardized question-answering training and improve problem-solving skills
When solving problems -> Find the key words, clarify the proposition direction, and avoid answering the question incorrectly
Non-choice questions
Learn to look for “question questions” and “keywords”
Accurately locate the "knowledge points" to be examined in the question
The answer is found and organized according to "from the question stem and the original words of the textbook"
The answers are organized using the thinking mode of “reverse derivation and forward answering”
The answer requires "scientific, reasonable, standardized and concise"
Experimental questions
Clarify the purpose and requirements of the experiment
Is the purpose to verify or to explore?
What does the question ask us to do?
Under what conditions are experiments conducted?
Understand the experimental principles
Experimental principles are the scientific basis for conducting experiments
Select experimental materials
Select materials as needed
Select materials from the materials given in the question -> the materials given do not need to be used up
"Use" the materials given in the question -> all materials must be used
Determine independent variables, dependent variables and irrelevant variables
Design experimental procedures
Select experimental materials
Control independent variables->Set experimental group and control group
Control extraneous variables
Observation, measurement and recording of dependent variables
Analyze the results and draw conclusions
Summary of various question types
Multiple choice questions
Compulsory course one
The specific functions of biological membranes are mainly determined by membrane proteins. The cell membrane is composed of lipids (phospholipids and sterols), proteins, and a small amount of sugars
The increased CO2 content in the brown bottle may be due to anaerobic respiration. I don’t know if it’s aerobic or not.
About water
Water is also produced in the nucleus of eukaryotes
Dormant seeds contain little free water
The key factor affecting the survival of organisms in rivers and lakes is oxygen in the water
The lighting is appropriate, and the water absorbed by the roots is mainly used for steaming breasts.
In the onion root tip mitosis experiment, dissociation acts on the cell wall to soften the root tip. There needs to be a tableting process
Under normal conditions, lysosomes have a decomposing effect on the cellular structure of the body (damage, aging)
The transport of H from the cytoplasmic matrix to lysosomes is active transport and requires energy.
Compulsory course two
Aflatoxin carcinogenesis is phenotypic. (Wrong, because aflatoxins are non-biological) The production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavus is phenotypic
Mitosis, meiosis, etc. all occur in eukaryotes. The only source of variation in prokaryotes is genetic mutation.
Compulsory course three
Lowering people's trophic level in the food chain can save food. Eating more meat and eating less vegetarian food consumes less total energy in nature. many
Co-evolution refers to the continuous evolution and development of different species through mutual influence (wrong, it may also be with the environment)
Mutation occurs first, then natural selection. And the mutation is not directional. (It would be wrong to say directional mutation) The mutation of genetic engineering can be said to be directional.
Energy flows in one direction and decreases step by step. (It is wrong to say circulation, and it is wrong to improve or change energy transfer efficiency)
The fundamental cause of succession is not human factors, but internal factors of the community.
The functions of the ecosystem are energy flow, material circulation, and information transmission.
Tissue edema: The decrease in plasma protein content or the increase in protein content in tissue fluid leads to an increase in tissue fluid, causing the body of pregnant women to swell. The cause of swelling is a lack of nutrients. The principles are similar to obstruction of lymph circulation, malnutrition, glomerulonephritis, proteinuria, and allergic edema. The difference is that strong local metabolism leads to an increase in tissue fluid osmotic pressure and edema.
Classification test points for comprehensive biology questions
Transport of substances across membranes
Classification of transportation: forward and reverse of concentration difference. Moving along the concentration difference consumes no energy, which leads to free diffusion and assisted diffusion, and is generally called passive transport; going against the concentration difference consumes energy, which leads to active transport. Assisted diffusion and active transport require the participation of carrier proteins (types that penetrate the cell membrane)
Judgment of transportation type: mainly remember a few special cases
Free diffusion is oxygen, glycerin, ethanol, carbon dioxide, benzene, water, etc.
Assist in diffusion of glucose into red blood cells
Active transport is macromolecules such as inorganic salts, amino acids, glucose, and nucleotides.
Endocytosis and exocytosis should be distinguished from transmembrane transport. Its principle is: the fluidity of the cell membrane. The principle of transmembrane transport is the selective permeability of the cell membrane.
Remember a few special examples
In neurotransmission and conduction: transmission on nerve fibers is active transport, and neurotransmitter release (conduction) is endocytosis.
The transport mode of sodium and potassium ions depends on the concentration difference. So we can’t judge easily
Test points and skills about aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Remember the following relationships to determine breathing patterns
The production of C02 is equal to the absorption of C02: only aerobic respiration. (Or aerobic and lactic acid anaerobic exist at the same time)
The production of CO2 is greater than the absorption 02: The process is aerobic and alcohol anaerobic.
Produces c02 but does not absorb 02: only alcohol without oxygen
Does not produce C02 and does not absorb 02: lactic acid anaerobic
Commonly used experimental reagents
NaHCO3 (produces C02): NaOH or KOH (absorbs C02)
Distilled water (control): boiled seeds (control to prevent interference from physical factors)
Analysis of common test points and key points for answering questions
Use the direction of droplet movement to determine respiratory quotient
Answering methods and reaction skills for this type of experiment are
To verify the amount of oxygen consumed, use lye to absorb it
Verify whether anaerobic respiration occurs: replace the base with steaming water
If there is alkali, it will not move. If there is water, it will move to the right. It means anaerobic.
Ask questions based on the breathing curve
The shaded area represents anaerobic respiration
The respiration of plant cells is the weakest in the most recessed area, because the amount of CO2 released at this time is the smallest.
The intensity of anaerobic respiration at point P is the weakest and is completely inhibited.
If you store fruits and vegetables, you should choose a place where the total respiration intensity is the weakest (about 5%)
As the concentration of O2 increases, aerobic respiration increases and anaerobic respiration decreases.
Classification of other common test points
Applications of respiration
To store fruits and vegetables to reduce organic matter consumption, the concentration of 02 should be reduced and the temperature difference between night and day should be maintained.
When soil compaction occurs, the soil should be loosened in time to increase root respiration.
Anaerobic respiration of yeasts used in brewing
Reason for having a specific way of breathing: There are no enzymes needed for other ways
Analysis of H10 sources. In aerobic respiration, 0 of H20 comes from 02, H comes from glucose (pyruvate) and water Half of the 0 in c02 comes from H20 and half comes from two acids. In alcohol anaerobic, all CO2 comes from glucose
Questions about the accumulation of ATP and the accumulation of H]
The second stage of anaerobic respiration produces less than one mole of ATP and can be considered as not producing ATP: the first stage produces 2 moles of ATP.
Anaerobic respiration does not accumulate (H]
The three reactions of respiration must be grasped well. (Pay attention to energy, enzymes, and aerobic water)
Comprehensive questions about respiration and photosynthesis
Process diagram analysis of photosynthetic respiration
Photosynthetic image analysis
Judgment of the movement of the intersection point with the x-axis: If the curve is the photosynthetic rate-c02 concentration curve, then the oxygen concentration is reduced, the respiration intensity is reduced, and the intersection point will move to the left. In short, remember one thing, the intersection point is the point of photosynthesis and respiration. To judge the movement, you only need to pay attention to the equality of the changes.
Limiting factor analysis: If the quantity is fixed and measured with another infinitely increasing quantity, and the curve does not rise, it is the limiting factor.
Image deformation methods: light saturation point image (minimum light intensity that enables plants to produce maximum photosynthetic rate), maximum respiration rate image (see vertical axis intercept), maximum photosynthetic rate image (rare), etc.
Summary of limiting factors
The limiting factor of photosynthesis: light intensity (extended to the problems of sun-growing plants, intercropping, and maintaining temperature differences) question), CO2 concentration (problems of improvement measures: farmyard manure, pig pens, ventilation). "Temperature, inorganic salts, water
The limiting factor of respiration: temperature (maintaining the temperature difference between day and night to reduce the consumption of organic matter in respiration) oxygen partial pressure, that is, oxygen concentration
Comparison of several concepts: true photosynthetic rate, net photosynthetic rate. Used for calculations
Note: If photosynthetic respiration is carried out after dark treatment, it is necessary to see clearly whether the comparison between the question and the answer is before or after treatment.
Whether plants can grow: Check whether there is accumulation of organic matter, that is, the relative intensity of photosynthetic respiration.
Transfer pathway of CO2 produced by mesophyll cell respiration: mitochondria to chloroplasts
Related experiments
Photosynthesis produces flow powder-Sachs. Note that the experimental group is not shaded, and the control group is shaded. Pay attention to starvation for 24 hours
Rubin-Kamen's radioactive isotope labeling experiment: proved that all oxygen produced by photosynthesis comes from water
Calvin cycle
Others: Fat consumes more oxygen and releases more energy than glycogen, starch, and cellulose. (0 content is less)
Human red blood cells perform anaerobic respiration. Blue vines use phycocyanin and chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Many prokaryotic cells can perform aerobic and anaerobic respiration without mitochondria.
Pay attention to the impact of plant transpiration and stomatal closure issues on the analysis
Common test points in the ecological chain
Drawing and analysis of energy flow diagrams and carbon cycle diagrams. (Look for single arrow)
Calculation of energy flow characteristics: 20% by five times (multiply by five when working backwards) method, the branch should be based on the requirements of the question, set the unknown number, and multiply by the proportion
Check the number of food chains and nutritional structure, and analyze inter-species relationships: predation or competition are often used as test points
carbon cycle form
Routes into the atmosphere: respiration, decomposition, fossil fuels
In nature: C02 and carbonates
Biome:Organism
Organisms: photosynthesis, chemosynthesis
Carbon cycle: co2
Paths of energy flow: respiratory consumption, flow into the next trophic level, decomposed by decomposers, and unused storage in the body
Note: Intake amount - yellow stool amount = assimilation amount. The calculation of energy transfer efficiency is: assimilation at this level 1 assimilation at the upper level
Ecosystem structure: Divided into ecosystem components (decomposers, producers, consumers, non-living matter and energy) and trophic structure (food chain, food web)
Analyze changes in the number of biological populations: consider it from the perspective of nutrition (assimilation amount) and look at the problem from the energy perspective
A few "terms" that are often used in exams
Why is a certain ecosystem more susceptible to destruction? It has a single nutrient content and poor self-regulation ability...
The purpose of this is to -> improve energy utilization and enhance the recycling of materials. Reasonably adjust the relationship between energy flow so that energy can continue to flow efficiently to the parts that are beneficial to the human body.
The flow of energy is one-way transmission and decreases step by step. Materials can be recycled