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Innate Immune System Concept Map
This concept map of the innate immune system depicts pathogen exposure. By adulthood, most people have been exposed to various pathogens and developed stronger immunity. Once an antibody is produced, the body stores a copy of it so that if the same antigen appears again, the body can deal with it more quickly. Some diseases, such as measles, can be fatal if untreated, so experts advise vaccination. A person who has received the measles vaccine is unlikely to contract the disease. It is also uncommon for an unvaccinated person to contract measles again. The body stores a measles antibody in both cases. As shown in this image, the antibody is prepared to destroy the virus the next time it appears.
Edited at 2022-08-24 06:12:14- 30 Best Online Education Sites for Free
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- Toxic Work Environment Mind Map
This Toxic Work Environment Mind Map depicts any workplace where the atmosphere has a negative impact on employees and disrupts their career growth. If you work in a toxic workplace, it is critical to recognize it early on to take the required steps to mitigate any harm it may cause to your mental health or workplace development. When you speak up, managers and coworkers do not listen. This is the first sign that your workplace is toxic. Employees who deal with problems daily are a reliable source for finding solutions, so if your input is not valued, it is likely a sign that management does not prioritize their employees, as illustrated in this Toxic Work Environment Mind Map.
- Time Management
The process of planning or controlling how much time one should spend on specific activities is known as time management. Good time management lets an individual accomplish more in less time, reduces stress, and leads to career success. It is essential to be able to manage your time effectively. Good time management always leads to increased efficiency and productivity, less stress, and greater life success. Good time management lets you devote more time to your daily activities. People who can effectively manage their time enjoy having more time to devote to hobbies or other personal pursuits.
Innate Immune System Concept Map
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Sites For Free Online Education allow you to learn courses during your free time. These websites' courses are provided by prestigious universities. You can learn a certain subject without spending a lot of money. These websites include a wealth of audio, video, articles, and e-books to help you learn more. You may use the platforms to learn the greatest free online courses.
- Toxic Work Environment Mind Map
This Toxic Work Environment Mind Map depicts any workplace where the atmosphere has a negative impact on employees and disrupts their career growth. If you work in a toxic workplace, it is critical to recognize it early on to take the required steps to mitigate any harm it may cause to your mental health or workplace development. When you speak up, managers and coworkers do not listen. This is the first sign that your workplace is toxic. Employees who deal with problems daily are a reliable source for finding solutions, so if your input is not valued, it is likely a sign that management does not prioritize their employees, as illustrated in this Toxic Work Environment Mind Map.
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The process of planning or controlling how much time one should spend on specific activities is known as time management. Good time management lets an individual accomplish more in less time, reduces stress, and leads to career success. It is essential to be able to manage your time effectively. Good time management always leads to increased efficiency and productivity, less stress, and greater life success. Good time management lets you devote more time to your daily activities. People who can effectively manage their time enjoy having more time to devote to hobbies or other personal pursuits.
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- Outline
CXCLB, a chemokine,cacuse a conformationalchange in theICAM/integrin adhesion,strengthening it
Neutrophils emigratefrist and monocytesmove late usinga similar meachanism(as'VCAM' in monocytes andVLA -4 in neutrophilstake 24hrs to be expressed)Lymphocytes, esoinophilsand plasma cells mayfollow later
ActivationofIntergrins
'Diapedes'neutrophils squeezebetween neighbouringendothelial cells andcross the basementmembrane bysecreting proteases tobreak it down
Bind tointegrins(e.g. LFA-1)on the neutrophils
Expression ofimmunoglobin-likemolecules (whichbelong to the superfamily e.g.ICAM-1) byendothelial cells
Production ofinflammatoryCytokinesE.g, IL-1 and TNF andCXCL8
Over expressionof P andE-selectin byendothelial cells
Bind tosialylatedglycoproteinlgands on neutrophils
Rolling ofneutrophilsalongendothelium dueto disruptedweakinteractions
Other effects ofcytokines(See inflammatorycytokines flowchart)
Complementsystem
Complementsystem
Complementsystem
movement ofproteins andleukocytes fromblood into tissuefluid space
Fibrinogenconverted tofibrin bythorombin
Forms insolublestrands whichproduce a web tocontain infectionand inflammation
Fromation ofinflammatoryExudate
Swelling('Tumor')
Pain ('Dolor')
Monocytesmature to frommarcrophages
'Chemotaxis'All leukocytes arestimulated to migratetowards the infected areaalong CXCL8 gradients
increasedvascularpermeability
Shrinking ofendothelialcells
Histamineblood vesselendothelium
Overxpressionof P-selectin byendothelial cells
Heat( 'Calor')
Redness('Rubor')
vasodilation
Histamine onsmooth musclecells onvascular walls
PAIN ('Dolor')
Histaminereceptors onnerve ending
Mast cellsdegranulate andsecretion preformedhistamine
Inflammatory exudate
Effects of histamine
Recruitment of leukocytes usingcytokines and chemokines
Change ingeneexpression
Signalssent tonucleus ofsentinel cell
Sentinel cell activation
PAMPrecognisedby PRR onsentinel cell(usuallyresidentmacrophage)
PathogensexpressPAMP
Sentinel Cells
SecreteType llinterferon,IFNY
Activate Naturalkiller (NK)_ cells
Releasegranulescontainingperforinand aporptosisinducinggranzymes
Perforinperforatesmembraneof targetcell andgranzymes enter, inducingapoptosis
NK cells
'Recognitionof missingself' by NKcells
Down regulationof MajorHistocomptibiliyComplex Class lmolecules
Interferewith viralreplication
Infected cell
Secrete TypeI INterferons(e.g. IFN a &IFNB)
'Antibody DependentCytotoxicity' (ADCC)Antibodies detectedvia Fc Receptors onNK cells
1-2 hrs
Other stress
Cell membraneinjury
Activation ofplateletactivatingfactor found inthe lipid bilayer
Arachidonicacids inphospholipidbilayerconverted
Prostaglandins
Leukotriene
Prostacyclim
Thromboxane
Vasodilation
Plateletaggreation
Pathogenenter
Lipid inflammatory mediators
INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM