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MindMap Gallery Neurological Pathways and Functions: Exploring the Human Brain's Complex Network
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Neurological Pathways and Functions: Exploring the Human Brain's Complex Network
Delve into the complexities of the human brain with this mind map that details the various components and their functions. It covers the cerebral cortex, the limbic system, and the underlying subcortical structures, highlighting the pathways responsible for processing and integrating sensory information, emotional responses, and memory. This visualization is an excellent resource for students and professionals in neuroscience, psychology, and related fields.
Edited at 2023-12-12 15:47:29Neurological Pathways and Functions: Exploring the Human Brain's Complex Network
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- Outline
CEREBRUM
The LARGEST PART of the brain situated in the anterior and middle cranial fossae of the skull and occupying the whole concavity of the vault of the skull divided into the left and right hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure
Diencephalon
forms the central core consists of the third ventricle and the structures that form its boundaries inferior surface of the diencephalon is the only area exposed to the surface in the intact brain all structures with thalamus in their names (thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus)
thalamus
LARGEST PART large ovoid mass of gray matter A Y-shaped sheet of white matter (intramedullary lamina) divides the nuclei of each thalamus into three groups: anterior, medial, and lateral serves as a cell station to all the main sensory systems (except the olfactory pathway) Acts as a selective filter for the cerebral cortex, directing attention to important information by regulating the flow of information to the cortex sorting center
relay nuclei
convey information from the sensory systems (except olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex.
association nuclei
process emotional and some memory information or integrate different types of sensations.
nonspecific nuclei
regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention. no specififc area; diffused stimulus
epithalamus
small area superior and posterior to the thalamus consists of the habenula and the pineal gland functions in humans are not fully understood, but they involve modulation of the sleep-wake cycle and other biorhythms. Influence the secretions of the pituitary gland, adrenals, parathyroids, and islets of Langerhans. Stimulre insulin, glucagon production secretes melatonin that influences sleep
habenula
is influenced by the sense of smell and is involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors
pineal gland
aka pineal body shaped somewhat like a pinecone, that is attached by the pineal stalk to the diencephalon
subthalamus
inferior to the thalamus is situated between the thalamus and the tegmentum of the midbrain. located superior to the substantia nigra of the midbrain Functionally, the subthalamus is part of the basal ganglia circuit, involved in regulating movement
subthalamic nucleus
has the shape of a biconvex lens ! damage = hemiballismus = wild flailing of one side of the body
hypothalamus
extends from the region of the optic chiasma to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies almost all activities are influenced by the hypothalamus Controls and integrates the functions of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine systems and plays a vital role in maintaining body homeostasis regulation of body temperature, body fluids, drives to eat and drink, sexual behavior, and emotion. continuous inferiorly with the infundibulum aka pituitary stalk functions are carried out by hypothalamic regulation of pituitary gland secretions (hormones) and by efferent neural connections with the cortex (via the thalamus), limbic system, brainstem, and spinal cord
general functions: CATEES
circadian rhythm
partially involved in sleep-wake cycle, eat, sleep, wake, work/rest, jet lag responsibility of SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS
appetite
Lateral hypo – hunger & thirst center ! Damage = anorexia Ventromedial hypo – satiety center ! Damage = hyperphagia
temperature
Anterior – heat vasodilation, sweating, panting Posterior – cold vasoconstriction, shivering, piloerection
expression of emotion
LIMBIC SYSTEM
endocrine system
Supraoptic nucleus – water balance; influences vasopressin (ADH) Paraventricular nucleus – oxytocin levels Anterior pituitary gland aka adenohypophysis - Prolactin – milk production - Thyroid hormone – tissue growth - FSH - LH - ACTH – kidney - GH – growth - MSH – melanocytes Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) – has direct connection to hypothalamus
sexual drive
other functions
reproductive, and defensive behaviors
Telencephalon
Cerebral Hemispheres
The surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres are marked by rounded elevations called gyri and grooves called sulci 
Frontal Lobe
muscle movement moods aggresion smell motivation
Parietal Lobe
touch pain balance taste temperature
Temporal Lobe
hearing smell memory abstract though judgement
Occipital Lobe
vision
Insular Lobe
Limbic Lobe
Brodmann's Area
Originally defined and numbered into 52 regions by the German anatomist Korbinian Brodmann in the early 1900’s, the Brodmann areas of the cerebral cortex are defined by its cytoarchitecture (histological structure and cellular organization). No areas for 13-16 (found in primates)
Association Areas
Receive and analyze signals simultaneously from multiple regions of both the motor and sensory cortex 1. Parieto-occipitotemporal Association Area 2. Prefrontal Association Area 3. Limbic Association Area
Parieto-occipitotemporal Association Areas
It provides a high level of interpretative meaning for signals from all the surrounding sensory areas (somatosensory cortex anteriorly, the visual cortex posteriorly, and the auditory cortex laterally) Functional Subareas: Analysis of the spatial coordinates of the body Language comprehension (Wernicke’s Area) Initial processing of visual language (Angular gyrus) Naming objects
Prefrontal Association Areas
Functions with motor cortex Plan complex patterns and sequences of motor movements Essential in carrying out thought processes in mind Elaboration of thoughts Store on a short term basis working memories that are used to combine new thoughts while they are entering the brain. Impairments results to loss in ability to solve complex problems, inability to string together sequential task to reach complex goals, decreased level of aggressiveness, etc
Limbic Association Areas
Anterior pole of the temporal lobe, ventral portion of the frontal lobe, cingulate gyrus deep in the longitudinal fissure of each hemisphere Concerned with behavior, emotions and motivations
limbic lobe
limbic lobe: functional collection of structures that regulate higher activities such as memory and emotion
Cerebral Cortex
cerebral cortex is a vast collection of cell bodies, axons, and dendrites covering the surface of the cerebral hemispheres
cortical neurons
granular/stellate neurons
sensory short axons; mainly as interneurons that transmit neural signals only short distances within the cortex itself abundant in sensory areas of the cortex
pyramidal cells
motor
fusiform cells
give rise to almost all the output fibers from the cortex smaller than pyramidal cells source of the long, large nerve fibers that go all the way to the spinal cord
layers of cerebral cortex
I Molecular layer II Granular layer (external) III Pyramidal layer (external) IV Granular layer (internal) V Pyramidal layer (internal) most important; brainstem and SC tracts VI Multiform layer
functions of specific cortical areas
Primary Motor Area
Direct connections with specific muscles for causing discrete muscle movement
Primary Sensory Area
Specific sensations ( visual, auditory, somatic)
Secondary Motor Areas
Functions with primary motor area to provide patterns of motor activity
Secondary Sensory Areas
Analyze meaning of primary sensory area Interpretation of the shape and texture of the object in one’s hand Interpretation of color, light, intensity, and direction of lines and angles or other aspects of vision Interpretation of meaning of sounds and sequence of tones in auditory signals
Subcortical White Mater
The cerebrum, the white matter is deep to the cortex and is called subcortical. It is also known as the cerebral medulla. Subcortical white matter fibers are classified into 3 categories: Projection fibers Commissural fibers Association fibers
Projection fibers
Projection fibers extend from subcortical structures to the cerebral cortex and from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, brainstem, basal ganglia, and thalamus These fibers connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord The projection fibers form and travel through the internal capsule Ex. fibers from thalamocortical, corticospinal, corticobrainstem
Internal Capsule
a section of white matter bordered by the thalamus (posteromedially) and caudate (anteromedially) and lentiform nucleus (laterally)
Commissural fibers
these fiber connect one cerebral hemisphere to the other largest bundle of commissural fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres is the corpus callosum connects 2 cerebral hemispheres Ex. fibers from corpus callosum, anterior commisure, and posterior commissure
Association fibers
fibers connect areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere
short association fibers
connect adjacent gyri
cingulum
connects frontal, parietal, and temporal lobe cortices
uncicnate fasciculus
connects frontal and temporal lobe cortices
superior longitudinal fasciculus
connects cortices of all lobes
inferior longitudinal fasciculus
connects temporal and occipital lobes
Non-declarative/Implicit Memory/Skill Memory
associated with motor activities of the person's body skills developed for hitting a tennis ball automatic memories (sight the ball, calculate the relationship, and speed of the ball) and does not involve awareness
1. Procedural memory
skills, habits
2. Priming
recognition of words or objects by prior exposure to them
3. Non-associative learning
learns about a single stimulus
4. Associative learning
learns about the relation of one stimulus to another
Declarative Memory/ Explicit Memory
memory of various details of an integrated thought, such as memory of an important experience memory of surroundings, time relationships memory of causes of the experience and meaning of experience memory of one's deductions that were left in the person's mind
episodic memory
for events, experiences
semantic memory
for facts (words, rules, language, etc)
Memory
Short term memory
lasts for seconds or minutes unless converted in long term memory
Intermediate long term memory
Lasts for days to weeks but then fade away
Long term memory
once stored, can be recalled up to years or even a lifetime later
Working memory
includes mainly short term memory used during the course of intellectual reasoning but is terminated as each problem is solved
Limbic System
group of structures that lie in the border zone between the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus plays a central role in basic survival functions, such as memory, reproduction, and nutrition. limbic structures include the subcallosal, the cingulate, and the parahippocampal gyri, the hippocampal formation, the amygdaloid nucleus, the mammillary bodies, and the anterior thalamic nucleus hypothalamus is the major output pathway of the limbic system involved in interpreting sensory input and emotions in general
hippocampus
concerned with converting recent memory to long-term memory !Damage = anterograde amnesia – forgets the past
cingulate gyrus
located along the inner surface of the longitudinal fissure just above the corpus callosum. Satisfaction center
parahippocampal gyrus
located on the medial side of the temporal lobe
amygdala
emotions; fear, love, anger, desires !Damage = kluver-bucy syndrome - Hyperorality – curses a lot, spits, etc.
uncus
emotions smell