MindMap Gallery A summary of alkanes knowledge points
I have made some maps that I used to review for the postgraduate entrance examination. I would like to share them with you so that you can read them more easily when preparing for the exam and improve your review efficiency. I hope it will be helpful to everyone in your preparation for the exam.
Edited at 2024-04-08 13:31:39One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
A summary of alkanes knowledge points
Spatial structure and plane representation method
Tetrahedral structure of methane
Plane projection representation method
Same series, homologues
Isomers
structural isomerism
Isomerism caused by different arrangements of carbon atoms
Conformation
Countless spatial images resulting from the free rotation of delta bonds
Cross type, overlapping type, energy judgment; torsional tension and van der Waals repulsion determine stability
name
Common naming
methane/ethane/propane/butane/penane/hexane/heptane/octane/nonane/decane
n-(normal, positive); i-(iso, different); neo (new)
PS: Naming of alkyl groups
A certain alkane removes one hydrogen and becomes a certain radical
primary,sec-,tert-; Bo, Zhong, Uncle
methyl;ethyl;n-propyl, i-propyl; n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl,t-butyl; neopentyl
Notice
Pay attention to isopropyl and tert-butyl (tert-butyl seems to have different rules)
In the new version of naming, tert-butyl is retained, isobutyl and sec-butyl are no longer used, but the systematic naming of complex groups (all with five carbons and above)
System naming
Select the main chain
Find the longest chain, and if it is equally long, find the one with the most branches.
Numbering on the main chain
Start numbering from the end closest to the substituent. If the substituent positions at both ends are the same, continue to see which side is closer (to minimize the sum of the substituent positions).
If the above positions are the same, look at the English names of the groups at both ends. The first letter of the English name is the lower order.
write name
Example: 2,2-dimethyl-6-(2-methylbut-2-yl)decane
PS: Regarding the naming of complex groups
Select the longest chain containing free valence bonds and start numbering from the end closest to the free bonds.
Named as: substituent position - substituent - corresponding position of a certain - free bond - base
physical properties
State of matter
melting point and boiling point
The boiling point is related to the number of carbons, and increases with the increase; with the same number of carbons, the more branches, the lower the boiling point.
The melting point is also related to symmetry. The higher the symmetry, the higher the lattice energy and the higher the melting point.
Interlude: Regarding intermolecular forces, explain that the melting and boiling points increase with the increase in the number of carbon atoms.
force between dipoles
Dispersion force (van der Waals attraction)
Non-polar molecules only have dispersion force. The larger the carbon number, the more atoms interact with each other. The dispersion force increases and the boiling point increases.
The branched chain will prevent the atoms from being close together and slightly lower the boiling point.
hydrogen bond
solubility
Similar miscible, non-polar, insoluble in water
density
All are less than 1, lighter than water
chemical properties
oxidation reaction
Thermal cracking reaction
Halogenation reaction
Reaction formula: ...; the reaction cannot be controlled in one step, and generally a mixture is produced
mechanism
free radical chain reaction
process
Chain trigger
Chain extension
chain termination
About inhibitors and initiators of chain reactions
Inhibitors such as O2
initiator
Stability and energy of free radicals during the reaction
Tertiary carbon radical>primary>secondary>methane radical
Transition state and activation energy
The more stable and lower the energy of the generated free radicals (and transition state), the smaller the activation energy required for the reaction and the easier it is to proceed.
The reactivity of alkanes
It is related to the stability of transition state free radicals. The tertiary carbon has the highest reactivity and is easily halogenated.
Calculation of the hydrogen reactivity ratio on different carbons (tertiary, secondary or primary) on an alkane: product ratio 1/number of hydrogen atoms 2: product ratio 2, number of hydrogen atoms 2
Halogen reactivity (reaction selectivity)
F2>Cl2>Br2>I2
Generally, those with weak reactivity, such as bromine, can only be substituted on highly reactive tertiary carbons, resulting in high reaction selectivity.