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EdrawMindChapter 1 The Earth in the Universe
MindMap Gallery Chapter 1 The Earth in the Universe
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Chapter 1 The Earth in the Universe
This is a mind map about the Earth in the Universe in Chapter 1, which summarizes the Earth’s cosmic environment, The influence of the sun on the earth, the history of the earth, The earth’s spherical structure, etc.
Edited at 2024-02-03 15:01:10- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
Chapter 1 The Earth in the Universe
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
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Earth in the universe
1.1 Earth’s cosmic environment
universe
celestial body
Definition: The form of matter in the universe
Classification
Nebula: A cloud-like object composed of gas and dust
Star: a spherical or spherical celestial body composed of hot gas that can emit light by itself
Planet: An approximately spherical body that orbits a star in an elliptical orbit
satellite: a celestial body orbiting a planet
Celestial system
solar system
Milky Way
Earth-moon system
Earth and Moon: 384,000 km Sun and Earth: 150 million km (one astronomical unit) Solar System: 2 light years in diameter Milky Way: 100,000 light-years in diameter
…
Earth's position in the universe
observable universe
Milky Way
other star systems
solar system
other planetary systems
Earth-moon system
extragalactic galaxy
planet
Eight planets in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Movement characteristics
The direction of revolution is the same
The orbital surfaces are coplanar
The orbital shape is nearly circular
1.2 The influence of the sun on the earth
Effects of solar radiation on the earth
Sun Profile
Nature: Huge, hot gas planet
Main ingredients: hydrogen and helium
Surface temperature: about 6000K
Energy source: Nuclear fusion inside the sun
Solar radiation energy and wavelength
Solar radiation: The sun continuously radiates energy into the universe in the form of electromagnetic waves. This phenomenon is called solar radiation.
Influence
Solar radiation provides light and heat to the earth and maintains surface temperature
It is the main driving force for water, atmospheric movement and life activities on the earth.
Solar radiation provides energy for our daily life
Different latitudes of the earth receive different amounts of solar radiation, causing many natural geographical phenomena to show latitudinal differences.
Factors affecting its distribution
The lower the latitude, the more
High latitude, less solar radiation per unit area
The longer the day, the more
The higher the terrain, the more
The sunnier the weather, the more
Distribution patterns of solar radiation in different regions of China
Uneven distribution
More in the northwest and less in the southeast
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has the most and the Sichuan Basin has the least
The impact of solar activity on the earth
Structure and overview of the solar atmosphere
Corona: The outermost layer of the sun's atmosphere, which can extend to several solar radii and beyond, and is only one millionth as bright as the photosphere.
Chromosphere: Located outside the photosphere, the total amount of visible light emitted is less than one thousandth of that of the photosphere.
Photosphere: The lowest layer of the solar atmosphere, which emits the strongest visible light and is the surface of the sun that can be observed with the naked eye.
solar wind
Definition: A stream of high-speed charged particles continuously released from the solar atmosphere
Under normal circumstances, the Earth's magnetic field can block the solar wind and protect the Earth from the harm of the solar wind.
solar activity
Definition: Changes in the sun's atmosphere are called solar activity
Classification
Sunspots: black spots that appear on the photosphere. The temperature of the sunspot area is lower than the surrounding area, with periodic changes.
Solar flare: A large, bright patch that suddenly appears on the surface of the chromosphere. In a short period of time, it can emit the energy equivalent to the explosion of a billion hydrogen bombs. It appears together with sunspots.
Solar prominence: On the chromosphere, the ejected gas appears in an arc shape and ejects a large flow of charged particles.
Coronal mass ejection: The structure of the corona changes significantly within minutes to hours, ejecting a large number of charged particles outward. It is the largest and most violent solar activity.
Size: The number and size of sunspots can be used as a sign of the intensity of solar activity.
Cycle: The cycle of sunspot changes is generally considered to be the activity cycle of the sun, which is about 11 years.
Influence
Magnetic explosions and aurora phenomena: When solar activity increases, the solar wind becomes stronger, which will stir up the earth’s magnetic field and atmosphere, resulting in magnetic storms and aurora phenomena.
Interference with radio wave communications
May cause natural disasters such as floods and droughts: During peak years of sunspot activity, the probability of climate anomalies increases, and vice versa.
1.4 The Earth’s Spherical Structure
Earth's inner structure
seismic waves
Longitudinal wave (P)
Spread faster
Can spread through solids, liquids and gases
Less destructive
Cause the ground to vibrate up and down
Transverse wave (S)
spreads slowly
Can only be transmitted through solids
Very destructive
Causes the ground to rotate left and right
Discontinuities
Definition: Seismic waves suddenly change at a certain depth. The surface where the wave speed changes suddenly is called a discontinuity surface.
Moho interface: At an average depth of 33 kilometers underground, both transverse and longitudinal wave velocities increase significantly.
Gutenberg interface: About 2,900 kilometers underground, the propagation speed of longitudinal waves suddenly drops and the transverse waves completely disappear.
crust
It is a hard crust of solid rock on the Earth's surface, located beyond the Moho interface.
The thickness of the earth's crust varies. The oceanic crust is thin, generally 5 to 10 kilometers; the continental crust is thick, and it is often thicker in places with tall mountains, with a maximum thickness of 70 kilometers.
33km Moho interface
mantle
From the Moho interface to the Gutenberg interface at a depth of 2,900 kilometers, it accounts for 80% of the total volume of the earth
There is an asthenosphere in the upper part of the upper mantle. The temperature is very high, and the rocks are partially melted and can flow slowly.
The asthenosphere is the main source of magma and is related to the movement of the Earth's plates.
The top of the upper mantle and the crust are composed of hard rocks, collectively called the lithosphere
2900km Gutenberg interface
Earth's core
Mainly composed of metals such as iron and nickel, the thickness is about 3,400 kilometers
The outer core is liquid metal material, and the movement of the outer core material forms the earth's magnetic field.
The core is an extremely dense solid metal ball. The super pressure squeezes the iron atoms and nickel atoms together tightly.
Earth's outer structure
atmosphere
Composition: A complex system of gases and suspended substances, the main components of which are nitrogen and oxygen
Moderate temperature changes on the earth while providing oxygen needed for biological survival
Weather phenomena such as wind, clouds, rain, and snow in the atmosphere are closely related to human beings
Hydrosphere
Definition: It is a general term for various forms of water bodies on the surface and near the surface.
Main body: The main body is the ocean, and also includes rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, groundwater, etc. on land.
Function: Water is one of the most active elements of the natural environment and is indispensable for the survival and development of humans and other organisms.
biosphere
Definition: A general term for organisms on the earth’s surface and their living environment
Role: Organisms obtain matter and energy from the environment, and also play an important role in promoting the conversion of solar energy, changing the composition of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, and transforming the surface morphology.
Relationship: The atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere are interconnected and penetrate each other, and together constitute the natural environment on which human beings depend for survival and development.
1.3 History of the Earth
Fossils and Geological Time
strata
Concept: Strata are layered rocks in a chronological order
Features: Sedimentary rock strata have obvious bedding structures and are in chronological order.
fossil
Concept: During the formation of sedimentary rocks, the remains or remains of some organisms will be preserved in the sediments to form fossils
feature
Strata from the same era often contain the same or similar fossils
Older strata contain lower-level, simpler biological fossils
geological time scale
Scientists have conducted comparative studies on strata and paleontological fossils from around the world and found that the evolution of the earth shows obvious stages. Based on the stratigraphic sequence, biological evolution stages, rock ages, etc., scientists systematically chronologically chronicle the long history of the earth in time units such as epochs, generations, and epochs. This is the geological chronology.
Earth's evolution
Hadean Eon
Only some organic matter, no signs of life
Archaean Eon
Cyanobacterial prokaryotes emerged
Proterozoic Eon
Cyanobacteria exploded, eukaryotes and multicellular organisms evolved
About 541 million years ago
Precambrian
The main components of the atmosphere at the beginning of its formation were carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane and ammonia, and lacked oxygen.
For about 90% of Earth's history, the atmosphere, oceans, and land slowly formed. Earth transformed from a lifeless planet into a home to diverse primitive life
Large amounts of iron, gold, nickel, chromium and other mineral deposits appeared in the strata of this period
Phanerozoic
Paleozoic Era
Early Paleozoic
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
It was the era of development of marine invertebrates, Later, lower plants began to appear on land
Late Paleozoic
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
It was the era of the development of vertebrates, and early fish multiplied in large numbers. In the middle period, some fish evolved into amphibians, and in the later period, some amphibians evolved into Animals evolve into reptiles, gymnosperms appear, ferns Plants flourish, forming dense forests
Mesozoic Era
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
252 million to 66 million years ago
Due to the violent plate movement, the United Ancient Continent began to disintegrate in the late Triassic, and the continents drifted toward their current positions.
Reptiles were prevalent, especially dinosaurs, which reached great prosperity during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, so the Mesozoic era is also called the "Age of Reptiles." In the middle and later stages, some reptiles evolved feathers and began to develop into birds, and small mammals appeared
Gymnosperms were very prosperous in the Mesozoic Era and occupied an important position among land plants.
Main coal-forming period
A mass extinction event that occurred at the end of the period, when most species disappeared from the earth, including the dinosaurs as we know them
new generation
Paleogene
Neogene
Quaternary
66 million years ago
The United Ancient Continent finally disintegrated in the Cenozoic Era, and the continents drifted to their current positions, forming the modern sea and land distribution pattern. During this period, the crustal movement was violent, forming the current basic appearance of undulating terrain. Some of the tallest mountains on Earth today were formed during this period
During the Quaternary Period, the world experienced several alternating changes of cold and warm. During the cold climate period, the scope of glaciers expanded and sea levels dropped, and many organisms migrated to lower latitudes. During the warm climate period, the scope of glaciers shrank, sea levels rose, and seawater submerged several low-lying places. . Currently, the earth is in a warm period
Mammals developed rapidly, and the biological world gradually took on a new look. Humans appeared in the Quaternary Period.
Angiosperms are highly prosperous and the grassland area expands
541 million to 252 million years ago
The earth moved violently, with many places rising and sinking repeatedly. The sea and land pattern underwent many major changes. In the later period, the earth's continents merged into a whole and became the United Ancient Continent.
It is an important coal-forming period in geological history.
The largest species extinction event in the history of life on earth occurred at the end of the world, with almost 95% of species disappearing from the earth