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Teaching Resources Section 2 Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Basic Educational Knowledge
The knowledge in this chapter is the most fragmentary and needs to be read several times. [Mind map annotation instructions] Purple: Past test points and question types Cyan box: first and second level recitation points from each school, as well as other parts that can be tested and worth memorizing. Light gray box: Summary of content/mantras to help memorize --: similar, related //: On the contrary, there is a difference
Edited at 2024-01-13 22:02:13- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
Teaching Resources Section 2 Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Basic Educational Knowledge
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
- Recommended to you
- Outline
1 Basic knowledge and basic principles of education
1.1 Education
education concept
The earliest work in which the word "education" appears: "Mencius"
definition
broad sense
Everything is purposefully done to enhance people’s knowledge and skills,
Develop people's intelligence and physical strength,
Activities that influence people's thoughts and ideas
include
family Education
social education
school education
education synergy (Three combined education)
narrow sense
Educators, in accordance with certain social requirements, purposefully, planned, and organized
influence on educated people
Activities that prompt them to change and develop in the desired direction
Mainly refers to school education
attributes of education
essential attributes 【2020Part 2】Discrimination
Purposefully cultivating people's social activities is the fundamental feature that distinguishes education from other phenomena and is the stipulation of the quality of education.
Qualitative stipulations are manifested in three aspects: purposeful (//accidental factors without purpose), cultivation (//mechanical indoctrination, the influence of misconceptions), and conscious social activities unique to human beings
--4.2 Definition of learning
social attributes
1. eternity
People are in education
2. long term
It takes ten years to grow trees and a hundred years to cultivate people.
3. historic
4. relative independence [2021 Part 1] Analysis
Meaning: Education is restricted by productivity levels and political and economic systems, but it also has its own laws and plays an active role.
historical inheritance [2023 Part One] Analysis, [2018 Part One] Analysis
Education in different historical periods came one after another, (Education in the latter historical period is the inheritance and development of education in the previous historical period) (the past serves the present) - inheritance.
The heuristic principle is the inheritance of Confucius’ heuristic teaching; ancient poetry is still studied in modern times
(with the development of productive forces and political and economic systems) asynchrony
ahead or behind
Agency/Agency/Reaction
(See 1.3 The reaction of education on social development)
5. productive
Scientific knowledge can be transformed into productivity
6. national character
basic functions of education
According to the target
Individual functions (ontological functions)
Promote individuals (cultivate people)
Socialization
personalise
Make a living and enjoy functions (meet personal needs)
Social functions (derived functions)
promote society
flow
Talent flows between different regions, social levels, and professional positions
change
Economic, political, cultural and ecological changes
According to nature
forward function
negative function
Poor education hinders personal progress and social development
[2018 Part 2] Analysis: The impact of education on people is always positive. [2022-1] Analysis: Education will inevitably promote social development.
1. Education is... (the essential attribute of education).
2. Education has both positive and negative functions. (This sentence is universal) /Education is affected by () and also reacts on society, promoting or hindering.
3. Advanced education promotes personal progress/social development, such as...; backward education hinders (), such as fractional education is not conducive to the all-round development of people/some education contains feudal dross and is not conducive to the development of modern society.
According to presentation form
Explicit functions (planned)
Hidden features (unplanned)
The origin of education
1. The origin of mythology
The oldest ideas about education
2. Biogenesis
The first formally proposed theory of the origin of education
Education originated from: the instinctive activities of animals
Representative figures: Litorno, Percy Neng, Thorndike
Innate interest
believe that educational activities exist in the animal kingdom
3. Psychological Origins
Education originates from: children’s unconscious imitation of adults
Representative: Meng Lu
They all deny the social nature of education, Contradictory to the nature of education --4.2 Social attributes of human learning
4. labor origin theory
The now generally recognized theory of the origin of education
Education originates from: labor
Representatives: Midinsky, Kailov
Michael loves working
5. theory of origin of communication
Education originated from: not production activities, but communication activities
Representative: Ye Lan
development of education
primitive society
The causes of education
The needs of human beings for their own survival and development
conditions for education
Basic conditions: labor
Requirements: language
Features
combined with productive labor
classless
Simple content and single form
ancient society
slave society
ancient China
summer
business
The emergence of schools (written records and confirmed by archaeological artifacts)
Western Zhou Dynasty
Study in the government (official school)
Six Arts Education
Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
Development of Private Schools—Jixia Academy (Warring States Period and Qi State)
The earliest institution of higher education
The development of private schools is a milestone and promotes the contention of a hundred schools of thought
Ancient Greece
Sparta: Cultivate strong soldiers and warriors
Athens: Cultivate citizens, politicians, and businessmen with comprehensive and harmonious development
Feudal society
China
Chinese
mechanism
Taixue - the highest educational institution
Wenweng Stone Chamber - the earliest local official school
Hongdu Menxue—the world’s earliest vocational school of literature and art
content
Depose hundreds of schools of thought and only respect Confucianism
Sui and Tang Dynasties
Establishment of the imperial examination system (Sui)
Song
Four Books and Five Classics
Chinese studies are Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism
clear
Abolition of the imperial examination (1905), establishment of schools
medieval europe
church school
Train priests and monks
Seven Arts
Three subjects (Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectics) Four Studies (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music)
knight school
Seven skills of knight
Features
School is produced (slave society)
Basic conditions
1. Improvement of social production level (material basis)
2. Separation of mental work and physical work (intellectuals)
3. The creation of writing and the massive accumulation of knowledge about social production and life (social conditions and educational content dedicated to imparting knowledge and skills)
4. The emergence of the state apparatus
school education
1. unproductive
Detached from production/detached from productive labor. "A gentleman seeks the road, not the food... he worries about the road, not poverty."
2. class nature
Education serves the ruling class and only the ruling class can receive education
3. hierarchical
Different classes of people (within the ruling class) receive different educations. "There are no poor families in the upper class, and there are no noble families in the lower class."
4. Despotism
Education is a process of controlling and being controlled, instilling and being indoctrinated (no refutation allowed)
5. Stereotype
6. symbolic
The symbolic function of education dominates, and the functional value of education is not taken seriously. That is, the purpose of education is not mainly to obtain practical knowledge, but to receive education itself.
7. Religious (Western), Taoist (Chinese)
modern society
Features
1. The state has strengthened its emphasis on and intervention in education, and public education has risen
2. Compulsory primary education is universally implemented (first in Germany)
3. Secularization (getting rid of religion)
4. Pay attention to education legislation and govern education according to law
modern society
New characteristics of education after the 20th century
1. democratization of education
2. democratization of education
democracy in education
The rights and obligations of citizens to receive education and equal educational opportunities
Democratic Education //Authoritarianism
The democratization of teacher-student relationships, the democratization of educational activities, educational methods, educational content, etc.
3. Diversity in Education
Training objectives, school running form, management model, teaching content, evaluation standards
4. Modernizing Educational Technology
Science and technology, educational ideas, teaching staff
5. lifelong education
The educational trend with the greatest influence, widest spread and most vitality in today’s international society
[France] Paul Langland first systematically discussed lifelong education
1.2 Pedagogy
meaning
A social science that takes educational phenomena and educational issues as its research objects and constantly reveals the laws of education.
The intrinsic driving force that promotes the development of pedagogy—education issues
budding stage (Slave society-17th century)
China
【Spring and Autumn】Confucius
View
education and economy
Shu - rich - teach / get rich first and teach later
Educational objects
Education without distinction
Teaching principles
heuristic teaching
The world's earliest heuristic teaching
"If you are not angry, you will not be enlightened; if you are not angry, you will not be angry."
Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude
Pay equal attention to learning, thinking and doing
"Learning without thinking will lead to failure; thinking without learning will lead to peril"
Teaching content
out of production
"A gentleman seeks the road, not the food... he worries about the road, not poverty."
Six arts education centered on moral education ("benevolence")
[Warring States] "Xue Ji" (an article in "Book of Rites")
The world's first educational book
View
educational purposes
Turn people into customs
"To transform people into customs, they must be learned; to build a country and rule the people, teaching comes first."
Teaching principles
Sun Mo of Yu Dynasty
Yu - forbidden to be released
Time - timely teaching
Sun (Xun) - step by step - "learn without waiting" and "give without doing anything"
Mo - looking at each other and being kind
heuristic teaching
"The Tao is easy to grasp, the strong is not restrained, the enlightenment is easy to reach" (guidance, encouragement, inspiration)
Be kind and save the lost
Leverage strengths to offset weaknesses
Teaching and learning
"After learning, you will realize your shortcomings; after teaching, you will realize your difficulties... Therefore, it is said: Teaching and learning are mutually reinforcing."
An article by the Teacher of All Times
Ancient Greece ancient rome
Socrates
midwifery
The earliest heuristic teaching in the West
plato
Learning through games
The earliest advocate of edutainment
Aristotle
Be the first to advocate education to follow nature
Build education on the basis of psychology (the three parts of the soul correspond to the three types of education)
The context of educational thought
educational naturalism
Aristotle - Comenius - Rousseau
educational psychology thought
Aristotle - Pestalozzi - Herbart
Literary education/liberal education //utilitarian education
"Principles of Oratory" (also known as "On the Training/Education of Orators")
The first educational book in the West and the earliest book discussing teaching methods in the world.
【Ancient Rome】Quintilian
Three Masters and Disciples One Book
Founding stage (17-18)
【UK】Bacon
It was first proposed that education should be regarded as an independent discipline ("On the Value and Development of Science")
【Czech】Comenius
father of education
"The Theory of Great Teaching"
The first educational book in modern times
Education begins to become an independent discipline
Class teaching system, pan-intelligence education (teaching all things to all human beings)
【UK】Locke
"Education Talk" (letters discussing educational issues with relatives)
Put forward the whiteboard theory and advocate gentleman education
【French】Rousseau
"Emile"
Naturalism, child-centered (first discovered children)
【Switzerland】Pestalozzi
The first person to propose the idea of psychological education
The first educator in the West to put into practice "the combination of education and productive labor"
The founder of primary school teaching methods in the history of education
A civilian educator and loving father of children, he advocates emotional education and love education.
science pedagogy stage (late 18-19 half)
【Germany】Kant
First taught education at university
【Germany】Herbart
father of modern education
"General Education"
Education officially becomes an independent discipline
The first modern educational book
traditional education theory
One principle
Principle of educational teaching: Teaching (knowledge) is the basic way of education (ideology and morality)
Two foundations
The theoretical basis is ethics and psychology
three centers
Teacher, classroom, teaching materials
four stages
Clear, association, system, method
Xiao Ming Contact Xiao Fang
Diversification development stage (late 19th to early 20th)
【UK】Spencer
"On Education"
Subject Center Curriculum Theory ("What knowledge is the most valuable")
Empirical evaluation of the value of knowledge, practical knowledge is the most valuable
The first to propose "course" as a technical term
educational purposes
prepare for life
【US】Dewey
"Democracy and Education"
modern education theory pragmatic pedagogy
the nature of education
Education is the reorganization or transformation of life, growth, and experience, and school is society.
Methodology: Learn by doing
New Third Center
children, experiences, activities
five steps
difficulty, question, hypothesis, verification, conclusion
【Soviet Russia】Kelov
The world's first Marxist education book "Pedagogy"
【Soviet Russia】Makarenko
The core of "On Communist Education" is collectivist education
Education of children engaged in street crime
Marxist pedagogy
Bacon first proposed Praise to achieve Kant's first course Bartlett Tradition Dewey wants innovation
Expansion stage (20 years old - present)
【US】Bloom
Teaching objectives are divided into three major areas: cognitive, emotional, and motor skills.
"Teaching Objective Taxonomy"
Mu Teaching has three goals
【US】Brunner
structuralist teaching theory
"No matter what subject we choose, it is important that students understand the basic structure of the subject"
discovery teaching method
"Education Process"
Take the structure discovery process
【Soviet Russia】Zankov
developmental teaching theory
5 teaching principles
high difficulty
high speed
Theoretical knowledge takes the lead
Understand the learning process
All students receive general development
"Teaching and Development"
Like development
【German】Wagenschein
Create a paradigmatic teaching theory
"Principles of Example Teaching"
Dig examples
【Soviet Russia】Suhomlinsky
Comprehensive and harmonious educational thought
"100 Tips for Teachers" "Give the Whole Heart to Children", the work is called "living pedagogy" and "encyclopedia of school life"
【Soviet Russia】Babansky
Teaching Process Optimization Theory
"Optimizing the Teaching Process"
Moving process
【Switzerland】Piaget
Cognitive development theory, the main purpose of education is to develop students' intelligence
"Educational Science and Child Psychology"
Chinese modern educational thought
Yang Xianjiang
my country's first Marxist educational book "New Education Outline"
1.3 Education and social development
education and productivity
1. The restrictive effect of productivity on education
1.1. Scale and speed of education
1.2. Educational structure and talent training specifications
1.3. Teaching methods, organizational forms and means
Fast and qualified organization
2. The counter-effect of education on productivity (Economic function of education) 【2023】Short answer
2.1. The basic way to reproduce labor force, improve the quality of labor force and improve labor productivity
2.2. The most efficient form of reproduction of scientific knowledge
2.3. An important means of technological innovation (the main way is school education)
Memorize together with 3.1 The role of teaching
Education and political and economic systems
1. The decisive role of political and economic systems in education
1. nature of education
2. educational leadership
3. right to education
4. aims and objectives
5. Educational content and education system
Fortunately to receive the monarchy
2. The reaction of education on the political and economic system (Political function of education) 【2018 Part 2】Short answer
1. Maintain social and political stability (primary)
2. Complete the political socialization of the younger generation by spreading certain social and political ideologies
3. Cultivate the talents needed for the political and economic system
4. The power of public opinion affecting political and economic systems
5. Promote political democratization
Stable socialization, talent-based democracy
Education and Culture
The impact of culture on education
value orientation
The role of education in culture (The cultural role of education) 【2020 Part II】Short answer
1. dissemination, communication
2. choose, improve
3. update, create
4. Filter, organize, save and deliver
education and population
1.4 Education and human development
The motivational theory of physical and mental development
Endogenesis/genetic determinism
Mencius adds one fee to four
External determinism/environmental determinism
Messrs. Rothworth
The laws of human physical and mental development
1. sequentiality
2. stage
different ages
3. Imbalance
critical period
4. difference
different individuals
--Teach students in accordance with their aptitude
5. Wholeness
6. complementarity
individual characteristics
--Be kind and save the lost
Factors affecting human physical and mental development
1. genetic predisposition
Physiological premise, possibility
Maturity restricts the development process and stages
Difference, plasticity (changes with changes in environment, education, and the deepening of human practical activities)
2. environment
Realistic conditions; overall restrictive development status; the givenness of the environment and the selectivity of the subject coexist
3. school education
leading role
reason 【2021 Part II】Short answer
1. It is an activity that cultivates people in a purposeful, planned and organized manner. It stipulates the direction of people's development.
2. It is conducted by specially trained teachers and is more effective than other education.
3. The impact on people is comprehensive, systematic and profound
4. Ability to effectively control and coordinate various factors affecting student development
Sanyou teacher system control
Performance/ The unique value of school education
1. (According to society’s basic requirements for individuals) Make social norms for the direction of individuals
2. Has the special function of accelerating individual development
3. Develop individual's special talents and develop personality
4. Awaken the conscious awareness of life and lay the foundation for individual life development
Want to accelerate personal life
4. subjective initiative
It refers to people's ability to understand the world and change the world.
Intrinsic motivation; decisive role ([2019 Part 2] Analysis, [2019 Part 1] Analysis)
1.5 Educational purposes
definition
the whole educational work
core and direction
Educational activities
Basis, evaluation criteria, starting point & destination, occupy a dominant position
Basic ways for schools to achieve educational goals
teaching
--3.1 Definition and role of teaching
Educational Purpose Function
1. guide
2. excitation
Inspire people to achieve their goals
3. control
Adjust deviation according to purpose
4. evaluate
The fundamental basis and standards for evaluating the effectiveness of education implementation
theory of educational purposes
1. religious fundamentalism
2. social fundamentalism
3. individualism
4. life-centered theory
5. Education without purpose
The educational process is the purpose and has no purpose outside itself.
level of educational purposes
(National) educational policy (including educational purposes) - (school) training objectives - (teachers) teaching objectives
my country’s education policy 【2019】Short answer
Comprehensively implement the party’s education policy and insist that education serves socialist modernization and the people,
Combined with productive labor and social practice,
Cultivate socialist builders and successors with comprehensive moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic development.
The purpose of education in our country
spiritual essence
1. Adhere to the direction of socialism (fundamental nature)
2. Cultivate workers/socialist construction talents (general requirements)
3. Pursue all-round development (core requirement?)
4. Promote personality development and cultivate innovative spirit and practical ability (requirements of the times)
--Key 1--The basic connotation of quality education
fundamental way to achieve
Combining education with productive labor
//The basic way for schools to achieve educational purposes-teaching
Establish basis
1. Socio-economic, political and cultural factors (main basis)
2. Marx’s theory of comprehensive human development (theoretical basis)
The only/fundamental way to cultivate all-round development of people - the combination of education and productive labor
3. The educational ideals and values of the framers
4. Laws of physical and mental development of educated persons (restraints)
Practical Theory Two People
comprehensive development education
1. Moral education - soul, commander, ensuring direction and maintaining motivation
2. Intellectual education - prerequisite, support, knowledge base, ability base
3. Sports - material basis, the basis of all activities
Characteristics, fundamental purpose, and basic organizational form of school sports
The meaning of sports
Promote all-round development
Enhance students' physical fitness
Related to the rise and fall of a country
4. Aesthetic education - motivation, coordinating the development of various educations
definition
Aesthetic education is (1) cultivating students’ correct aesthetics, (2) developing the ability to appreciate and create beauty, (3) cultivating noble sentiments and civilized qualities.
The meaning of aesthetic education
(1) Indispensable for all-round development, coordinate the development of various educations (! Key points)
(2) Promote students to form good moral character and a scientific world view (moral education)
(3) Promote the development of intelligence and deepen and expand understanding of objective reality
(4) Promote sports and have the function of fitness and happiness
(5) Promote labor education and enable students to experience the joy brought by labor creation
Morality, intelligence, and physical exertion
The basic tasks of aesthetic education 【2019 Part 2】Short answer
(1) Teach basic aesthetic knowledge and skills
(2) Develop the ability to appreciate and create beauty
(3) Cultivate students’ correct aesthetics/comprehensively improve students’ aesthetic quality (! Key point)
(4) Beautiful minds, cultivating the unity of students’ external beauty and inner beauty
Ways of Aesthetic Education [2021 Part 2] Analysis
Art education (core), teaching of other subjects, extracurricular cultural and artistic activities, nature appreciation
The development of aesthetic education
5. Labor education-comprehensive effects of various education
The meaning of labor education
(1) Indispensable for all-round development, comprehensive education functions
(2) Conducive to the formation and development of good moral character, three views
(3) It is conducive to mastering knowledge and skills and developing intelligence; the quantity and content are properly handled, and learning ability is indispensable.
(4) Helps enhance physical fitness
(5) Conducive to cultivating correct aesthetics and improving aesthetic ability
Morality, intelligence, body and beauty
(6) Conducive to completing the dual tasks of further education and employment, and meeting the needs of socialist modernization
The basic tasks of labor education
(Cultivation) preliminary production labor knowledge and skills; () labor outlook, () labor habits; preliminary labor awareness
How to carry out labor education/labor education
Independently set up () required courses, and the disciplines and majors are organically penetrated
Arrange labor practice (in extracurricular and extracurricular activities) and strengthen labor culture (in campus culture construction)
[2022 Part 2] Analysis: Comprehensive development = average development
1. Comprehensive development is () development that penetrates and coordinates with each other. It is development that simultaneously develops the five educations and exerts the overall function.
2. All types of education have irreplaceable importance in all-round development, and moral education is (??) the soul...
3. Students have individual differences, have advantages and disadvantages, cannot develop evenly, and need to be taught in accordance with their aptitude.
Quality education (see Keyi mind map)
1.6 Education system
concept
Broad sense (national education system), narrow sense (school education system = academic system)
The relationship between broad and narrow sense: The school education system is at the core and main body of the national education system and embodies the essence of a country’s national education system.
Three basic elements of the academic system: school type, level, and structure
Basis for establishing academic system /Influencing factors of the education system
1. The level of productivity development and the level of scientific and technological development
2. social political and economic system
3. The laws of physical and mental development of educated people
4. The historical development of the domestic academic system and the influence of foreign academic systems
Types of modern Western academic systems
1. Dual-track academic system
The two tracks are complementary but not connected to each other, which is not conducive to the popularization of education.
2. Single track academic system
All students study in the same education system, which is conducive to the gradual popularization of education
3. Branch system of study
Between dual-track education and single-track education
The development of my country’s modern academic system
Renyin, Guimao, Renzi Guichou, Renxu (see table)
my country’s current academic system
Branch system of study
From a hierarchical perspective
Preschool education → primary education → secondary education → higher education
[2023 Part 2] Analysis: The task of ordinary middle schools is to send qualified freshmen to higher-level schools.
(Secondary education is secondary general education and vocational education that continue on the basis of primary education.)
Ordinary middle schools are secondary education institutions, including junior high school and high school.
The dual tasks of ordinary secondary schools: 1. Cultivate qualified freshmen for higher-level schools; 2. Cultivate reserve labor force for social/socialist construction.
From the perspective of type structure
1. Basic education
early childhood education
Compulsory education (primary and junior high school)
High school education
Analysis: High school education does not belong to basic education.
literacy education
2. higher education
3. adult education
4. Vocational and technical education
5. special education
compulsory education system
First appeared in capitalist society (Germany)
The symbol of the establishment of compulsory education system in my country: 1986 "Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China"
my country’s nine-year compulsory education system: June 3rd, May 4th, and 9th year consistent – multiple methods coexist
Characteristics of compulsory education: compulsory, universal, free, public, and basic
1.7 Basic methods of educational research
Observation
The most extensive and basic research method
educational action research
Research for educational action, the solution to the problem is immediate and immediately applicable; the scope of application is small
Educational Narrative Research
The basic format of educational narrative research reports: narrative. Educational narrative research reports require telling a complete story to the reader.
Survey
Questionnaires, interviews
Experimental Method
【legend】
focus
secondary focus
The first curriculum theory book marking the emergence of curriculum as a specialized research field: [US] Bobbitt's "Course"
basic elements of education
Educator (lead role)
Educated person (learning subject)
educational impact