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Basic principles of Marxism
The 2023 edition of "Basic Principles of Marxism" includes historical materialism, political economy, scientific socialism and introduction. Incomplete content, for reference only!
Edited at 2024-01-12 01:13:25- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
Basic principles of Marxism
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
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- Outline
Basic principles of Marxism
Module 1: Dialectical materialism, materialist dialectics, scientific view of practice, materialist dialectical epistemology
dialectical materialism
Philosophy: It is a systematic and theoretical world view. It is a summary and summary of natural knowledge, social knowledge and thinking knowledge. It is an overall understanding of the universe and life. It provides an indispensable ideological foundation for human beings to settle down and live their lives.
basic philosophical questions
Existence and thinking, matter and consciousness, the question of who is the origin, that is, the question of which is primary
Distinguish between materialism and idealism
The issue of whether existence and thinking, matter and consciousness are identical, that is, whether thinking can correctly reflect existence, and whether people can understand or thoroughly understand the world.
material categories of philosophy
basic form of materialism
ancient simple materialism
modern metaphysical materialism
Dialectical materialism and historical materialism
Matter: Matter is an objective reality that exists independent of human consciousness and can be reflected by human consciousness.
significance
Adhering to materialist monism and drawing a clear line with idealist monism and dualism
Adhering to active response theory and agnosticism, criticizing agnosticism
It embodies the unity of materialism and dialectics and overcomes the shortcomings of metaphysical materialism.
Reflects the unity of the materialist view of nature and the view of history
the way matter exists
The fundamental property of matter is motion (Motion is a philosophical category that marks the changes and processes of all things and phenomena)
The movement of the material world is absolute (Relative stillness is a stable state of material motion under certain conditions. It specifically includes two states: the relative position of space is temporarily unchanged and the fundamental nature of things is temporarily unchanged.
Time and space are the basic forms of existence of moving matter (Time refers to the continuity and sequence of material movement, and its characteristic is uniqueness, that is, the passage of time will never return) (Space refers to the extension and expansion of material movement, which is characterized by three-dimensionality.
The dialectical relationship between matter and consciousness
Matter determines consciousness
Consciousness: Consciousness is the function and attribute of the human brain, and is the subjective image of the objective world
Consciousness is a product of the long-term development of nature
Consciousness is also a product of social and historical development
From the perspective of the nature of consciousness, consciousness is the function and attribute of a special substance such as the human brain, and it is the subjective impression of the objective world.
Consciousness has a counter-effect on matter
Consciousness is purposeful and planned
Consciousness is creative
Consciousness has the role of guiding practice to transform the objective world
Consciousness has the function of regulating human behavior and physiological activities
Dialectical unity of subjective initiative and objective regularity
Respecting objective laws is the prerequisite for correctly exerting subjective initiative
Only by giving full play to subjective initiative can we correctly understand and utilize objective laws
Adhere to the unity of adhering to objective laws and exerting subjective initiative, requiring full development of the spirit of historical initiative
material unity of the world (The principle of material unity of the world is the most basic and core view of dialectical materialism and the cornerstone of Marxism.
Nature is material
Human society is essentially a material system formed on the basis of production practices
Human consciousness is unified with matter
The material unity of the world is the unity of diversity
materialist dialectics
Contact development concept
The viewpoint of connection and development is the general viewpoint of materialist dialectics, which embodies the general characteristics of materialist dialectics.
Contact concept
Connection refers to the mutual influence, mutual restriction and interaction between various elements within things and between things.
Characteristics of contact
objectivity
universality
Diversity
conditionality
developing view
Development is the upward movement of things changing
The essence is the emergence of new things and the demise of old things
The law of unity of opposites is the fundamental law of the development of things , the law of unity of opposites is the essence and core of materialist dialectics
Contradictory view
Contradiction is a philosophical category that reflects the unified relationship of opposites within or between things.
Two basic properties of contradiction
Opposite attributes/combatability: the nature and tendency of opposites of contradictory values to be mutually exclusive and separate from each other
Unified attribute/identity: the interdependence, interpenetrating nature and tendency of opposites on the axis of contradiction
Contradictory opposites are interdependent, are the preconditions for each other's existence, and coexist in a unity
The contradictory opposites are interconnected and can transform into each other under certain conditions.
The identity and struggle of contradictions are interconnected and mutually reinforcing
The identity of contradiction is conditional and relative
The struggle of contradictions is unconditional and absolute
The universality and particularity of contradictions and their interrelationships
Universality: Contradiction exists in all things and in the development process of all things.
Particularity: the contradictions of various specific things. Each aspect of each contradiction has its own characteristics at different stages of development.
Contradiction analysis method: specific analysis of specific contradictions
The principal contradiction is the contradiction that occupies a dominant position in the system of contradictions and plays a decisive role in the development of things.
Secondary contradictions are contradictions that are in a subordinate position in the contradiction system and play a secondary role in the development of things.
The universality and particularity of contradictions are dialectically unified, which requires adhering to the unity of the two-point theory and the key point theory.
The law of quantitative change and qualitative change
It embodies the unity of gradualness and leap in the development of things.
Dialectical Relations
Quantitative change is the necessary preparation for qualitative change
Qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change
Quantitative change and qualitative change are interpenetrated: quantitative change causes qualitative change, and on the basis of new quality, things begin to undergo new quantitative changes.
law of negation (Negative view)
Affirmative factors: factors that maintain the existence of existing things
Negative factors: factors that contribute to the demise of existing things
reveals the profound connotation of negation
Negation is the self-negation and self-development of things, and is the result of the internal contradictory movement of things.
Negation is the link in the development of things, the transformation of old things into new things, and the leap from old quality to new quality.
Negation is the link between old and new things
The essence of dialectical negation is "sublation"
Reveals the unity of progress and twists and turns in the development of things
Essential links for connection and development
content and form
Content and form are a pair of categories that reflect things in terms of their constituent elements and modes of expression.
Content is the basis for the existence of things and plays a decisive role in form
Form has the opposite effect on content
Essence and Phenomenon
Essence and phenomenon are a pair of categories that reveal the internal connections and external manifestations of things
Essence is the fundamental nature of things and the internal relationship between the elements that make up things.
Phenomenon is the external connection and surface characteristics of things, and the external manifestation of the essence of things
Causes and consequences
Cause: a phenomenon that causes a certain phenomenon
Result: a phenomenon caused by a certain phenomenon
Cause and effect are a pair of categories that reveal the relationship between things causing and being caused. Cause and effect are interdependent and transform into each other
Necessity and chance
Necessity and chance are a pair of categories that reveal different trends in the creation, development and decline of things.
Necessity and chance are interdependent and transform into each other
reality and possibility
Reality and possibility are a pair of categories that reflect the relationship between the past, present and future of things.
Reality and possibility are different from each other and transform into each other
Materialist dialectics is the fundamental method for understanding and transforming the world
Materialist dialectics is essentially critical and revolutionary
Materialist dialectics is the unity of objective dialectics and subjective dialectics
Materialist dialectics is a scientific method of understanding
Scientific concept of practice, materialist dialectical epistemology
The significance of the scientific view of practice
Overcame the fundamental flaws of old materialism and laid a scientific theoretical foundation for the creation of dialectical materialism.
Revealing the decisive role of practice in understanding
For the first time in the history of human thought, the practical nature of social life was revealed.
It provides basic thinking methods and working methods for people to actively understand the world and transform the world.
practice
Practice is a social material activity in which human beings actively transform the world. Science clarifies the characteristics, structure, form and practical standards of human practical activities.
Practice is the most basic activity for human survival and development, the essence of human social life, the basis for the emergence and development of human understanding, and the basis for the unity of truth and value.
the nature of practice
objective reality
conscious agency
social historicity
basic structure of practice
Practical subject: a person who has certain subject abilities and is engaged in real social practice activities
Practical object: the object to which practical activities are directed
Practical intermediary: various forms of tools and means as well as procedures and methods for applying and operating these tools and means
know
The essence of knowledge is the active response of the subject to the object on the basis of practice. This is the scientific answer to the essence of knowledge in dialectical materialist epistemology.
the nature of knowledge
The response characteristics of cognition are the basic stipulations of human cognition
Cognition as an active response has creative characteristics
The decisive role of practice in understanding
Practice is the basis of cognition, and practice plays a decisive role in cognition activities
Practice is the source of knowledge
Practice is the driving force for cognitive development
Practice is the purpose of understanding
Practice is the only criterion for testing the truth of knowledge
truth and value
Truth is a philosophical category that marks the correspondence between subjectivity and objectivity, and is a correct reflection of objective things and their laws.
objectivity of truth
All truth has objectivity, which is the implementation of the general principle of materialist epistemology, that is, the theory of reflection, on the issue of truth.
The objectivity of truth determines the unity of truth
Truth is the unity of unity in content and diversity in form
The absoluteness and relativity of truth
Absoluteness: the certainty of the subjective and objective unity of truth and the infinity of development
Relativity: People’s correct understanding of objective things, their nature and development laws under certain conditions is always limited and imperfect.
Dialectical unity of absoluteness and relativity of truth
truth and falsehood
Fallacy is an understanding that is contrary to objective things and their development laws, and is a distorted reflection of objective things and their development laws.
Truth and falsity are in opposition to each other
The opposition between truth and falsehood is relative and they can transform into each other under certain conditions.
Truth can turn into fallacy under certain conditions
Fallacy can transform into truth under certain conditions
The test standard of truth: Practice is the only standard for testing truth
Dialectical unity of truth and value
value
Value is a philosophical category that reflects the meaningful relationship between subject and object
basic properties of value
Subjectivity: Value is directly related to the subject and always centered on the subject
Objectivity: Under certain conditions, the significance of the object to the subject does not depend on the subject's subjective consciousness.
Multidimensionality: The value relationship of each subject is diverse, and the same object will produce different values relative to the different needs of the subject.
Social historicity: The constant changes of subjects and objects determine the social historicity of value
Module 2: Historical materialism
Social existence and social consciousness
social existence
Concept: Social material living conditions are the material aspects of social life, mainly including the natural geographical environment, demographic factors and material production methods
material production methods
Concept: The way people carry out production activities to obtain material means of life is the unity of productivity and production relations.
Material production methods are the basis and decisive force for social existence and development.
Material production activities and production methods are the basis for the existence and development of human society and are the primary prerequisite for all other human activities.
Material production activities and production methods determine the structure, nature and appearance of society, and restrict all social life such as people's economic life, political life and spiritual life.
The changes and development of material production activities and production methods determine the changes and development of the entire social history, and determine the replacement and development of social forms from lower to higher levels.
Social awareness
Concept: Social consciousness is a reflection of social existence and the spiritual aspect of social life
Classification
different levels
social psychology
Social ideology
Political and legal thought emerged with the emergence of classes and countries, and is the most direct and concentrated ideology that reflects the economic foundation. occupy a central position in ideology and play a leading role
The dialectical relationship between social existence and social consciousness
Social existence and social consciousness are dialectically unified. Social existence determines social consciousness. Social consciousness is a reflection of social existence and reacts on social existence.
Social existence is the objective source of the content of social consciousness, and social consciousness is the subjective reflection of the social material life process and its conditions.
Social consciousness develops with the development of social existence
Social consciousness is relatively independent. While social consciousness is fundamentally determined by social existence, it also has its own unique development form and development rules.
The development of social consciousness and social existence is incompletely synchronized and unbalanced
There is mutual influence among various forms within social consciousness, and each has historical inheritance.
Social consciousness has an active reaction on social existence
Basic social contradictions and their laws of movement
productivity and production relations
productive forces
Productivity is the material basis of human social life and all history Productivity is the material force formed by human beings in production practices to transform and influence nature to make it suitable for social needs.
Basic elements/structural elements of productivity
Means of labor: tools of production
Labor object: Labor object is a necessary prerequisite for actual production
Laborers: Laborers are the most active factor in productivity
Science and technology are important factors in productivity: science and technology can be applied to the production process and combined with factors such as labor materials, labor objects, and workers in productivity to transform into actual production capacity. Science and technology are the concentrated expression and main symbol of advanced productivity and the primary productive force.
Relations of production
Concept: Economic relationships formed by people in the process of material production that are independent of human will.
Production relations are the most basic relations among social relations
In the production relations, the ownership relationship of the means of production is the most basic. It is the prerequisite for people to produce material means.
type
Production relations based on public ownership of the means of production
Fundamental characteristics: The means of production are jointly owned by workers, people are on an equal footing in the production process, and there is no exploitation in product distribution.
Production relations based on private ownership of the means of production
Fundamental characteristics: The means of production are owned by a small number of exploiters, and workers own little or no means of production and are in an exploited position in production.
relation
Productivity determines production relations
The state of productivity determines the nature of production relations
The development of productive forces determines changes in production relations
Production relations have an active reaction on productivity
When production relations meet the objective requirements of the development of productive forces, they will promote the development of productive forces; When production relations do not meet the objective requirements for the development of productive forces, they will hinder the development of productive forces.
Production relations must conform to the laws of productivity conditions, which is a universal law for the development of social forms.
The principle and significance of the laws of contradictory movement of productivity and production relations
For the first time, it was scientifically established that the development of productive forces is the highest standard for social progress.
The law of contradictory movement of productive forces and production relations is an important basis for the Marxist political party to formulate lines, principles and policies.
economic base and superstructure
economic basis
Concept: The sum of production relations determined by the productive forces at a certain stage of social development
The economic system is the organizational form and management form adopted by the basic economic system of society, and is the specific realization form of productivity relations. The relationship between economic system and productivity development is more direct and concrete. In practice, it is always integrated with the basic economic system of society
superstructure
Concept: an ideology based on a certain economic foundation and the systems, organizations and facilities that are compatible with it
Classification
conceptual superstructure
Political superstructure, state power is the core of the political superstructure
The conceptual superstructure provides ideological guidance for the political superstructure The political superstructure provides coercive guarantee for the conceptual superstructure
Dialectical Relations
The economic base determines the emergence, existence and development of the superstructure; the superstructure reacts on the economic base, and the two influence and interact with each other.
Upper decision decided by the economic background
The superstructure has a counterproductive effect on the economic base
When the superstructure serves the economic base that meets the requirements of productivity development, it becomes a progressive force that promotes social development. When the superstructure serves the backward economic base, it becomes a negative force that hinders social development.
The interaction between the economic base and the superstructure constitutes the contradictory movement of the two
The superstructure must conform to the laws of the economic base
Universal human interaction and the formation and development of world history
Communicate
Promote the development of productivity
Promote the progress of social relations
Promote the development and spread of culture
Promote the all-round development of people
The formation and development of world history
World history: the history of various nation-states breaking through isolation and isolation through universal exchanges, and entering into a world of interdependence and interconnectedness as a whole.
The development and transformation of the mode of production is the basis for the formation and development of world history.
Universal communication is a basic feature of world history
social progress
Performance
The development of social form from low level to high level
Development within the same social formation
effect
Social progress promotes human development (purpose)
Three-morphology theory (based on artificial division)
stage of human dependence on nature
human dependency stage
Achieve the stage of comprehensive and free development
Social progress promotes human liberation
Briefly describe the laws of social formation
The connotation of social form: Social form is about the specific form, development stage and different qualitative categories of social movements. It is the unity of the economic base and superstructure that is compatible with a certain stage of the development of productive forces.
Social form includes the economic form, political form and ideology of society
Economic form is the basis of social form
A certain social form must always be presented in the form of a certain social system
Unity and Diversity of Social Formation Replacement (Explanation)
Inevitability and choice in the replacement of social forms (subdivision)
Inevitability mainly means that the process and laws of the sequential replacement of social forms are objective, and the basic trend of its development is unshakable.
Selectivity
The inevitability of social development creates the basic trend of social development in a certain historical stage, providing the basis, scope and possibility space for people's historical choices.
The process of social form replacement is also a process in which subjective initiative and objective regularity are unified.
People's historical selectivity is ultimately the selectivity of the people
The driving force of social and historical development
The basic contradictions of society are the fundamental driving force of historical development
The concept of basic social contradictions: contradictions that run through the process of social development, always define the basic nature and basic trends of the social development process, and play a fundamental role in promoting the development of social history.
The contradiction between productivity and production relations, economic base and superstructure is the basic contradiction of society.
Q: The role of basic social contradictions in historical development
The basic contradictions of society are the fundamental driving force of historical development
Productivity is the most basic driving factor in the basic contradictions of society and the ultimate determinant of the development and progress of human society.
The basic contradictions of society, especially the contradiction between productivity and production relations, determine the existence and development of other contradictions in society.
The basic contradictions of society have different forms of expression and solutions, and fundamentally affect and promote the change and development of social forms.
Basic social contradictions and principal social contradictions
The basic contradiction in society is the source of all other social contradictions, stipulating and restricting the existence and development of the principal contradiction in society.
The main contradiction of society is the concrete manifestation of the basic contradiction of society and the staged manifestation of the basic contradiction of society.
The principal contradiction in society is a contradiction that is in a dominant position and plays a leading role in a certain stage of social development.
Class struggle is the direct driving force for the development of class society
class
These are some groups. Due to their different positions in a certain socio-economic structure, one group can occupy the labor of another group.
Class struggle
Class struggle is the antagonism and struggle between opposing classes with fundamental conflicts of class interests. Conflicts rooted in socioeconomic relations
The role of class struggle in promoting the development of class society is prominently reflected in the replacement of social forms.
Class struggle and its role are restricted by certain social and historical conditions
Social revolution is an important driving force for social development, especially for the replacement of social forms.
revolution
It is the highest form of class struggle
Essence: The revolutionary class overthrows the rule of the reactionary class, replaces the old social system with a new social system, liberates productive forces, and promotes social development.
Revolution is rooted in the intensification of basic contradictions in society
Revolution plays an important role in social development
It is an important means and decisive link in realizing the replacement of social form.
Revolution can give full play to the enthusiasm and great role of the people in creating history
Revolutionary struggle can also greatly educate and temper the broad masses of the people, including the revolutionary class.
The class analysis method requires a comprehensive and dynamic analysis of class conditions, an analysis of the economic status, political stance and ideology of each class, an accurate grasp of the relationship between classes and the contrast and changes in class power, and a grasp of the pulse of social movements and social life. . This is an important basis for the Marxist party to formulate correct lines, principles and policies.
Reform is another important driving force for social development
reform
Concept: A certain society has made profound changes and innovations in the production relations and superstructure in order to solve the basic contradictions of society. It is the self-adjustment and improvement of the social system, and it is a quantitative change and some qualitative changes in the development process of the same social form.
Reform is an effective way and means to resolve basic social contradictions, promote the development of productive forces, and promote social progress.
As an important symbol of advanced productivity, science and technology are an important force in promoting the progress of social civilization.
The scientific and technological revolution is a powerful lever to promote economic and social development
positive effects
had a profound impact on production methods
Changed the components of social productivity
Changed people's form of labor
changed the socioeconomic structure
had a huge impact on lifestyle
Promote changes in the way of thinking
negative effect
Insufficient understanding of the laws of nature and the relationship between man and nature or lack of strong means to control the negative consequences of science and technology
Culture is an important force in promoting social development
Culture provides ideological guidance for social development
Culture provides spiritual power for social development
Culture provides cohesive force for social development
The role of the people in historical development
The people are the creators of history
historical materialism
Historical materialism is based on real people and their essence to grasp the creator of history.
Historical materialism is based on the overall social and historical process to explore who is the creator of history.
Historical materialism starts from the inevitability of social and historical development to examine and explain who is the creator of history.
Historical materialism examines who is the creator of history from different levels of the relationship between man and history.
The decisive role of the people in the process of creating history
The people are the main body of social history and the creators of history
The people are the creators of social material wealth
The people are the creators of social spiritual wealth
The people are the decisive force for social change
The mass line of the proletarian party
Everything is for the masses, everything depends on the masses
Come from the masses, go to the masses
The role of the individual in social history
Dialectical understanding and evaluation of personal historical role
Evaluation method
Historical analysis method: starting from a specific historical background and based on the historical conditions at that time, conduct a specific and comprehensive investigation of the rights and wrongs of historical figures
Class analysis method: place historical figures in certain class relationships, connect them with the classes they belong to, and examine and evaluate them.
The relationship between the masses, classes, political parties and leaders
Whether the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics can develop smoothly depends to a large extent on whether our party can correctly handle the relationship between the leaders of the mass class political parties. To this end, we must always adhere to the party's mass viewpoint and mass line, constantly consolidate the party's class foundation and mass foundation, ensure the party's strong leadership core position, better play the leadership role of the people's leaders, and continue to promote the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. go ahead
The masses are divided into classes
Classes are usually led by political parties
Political parties are run by leaders
The masses, classes, political parties, and leaders are interconnected and interdependent, forming an organic whole. They should not be separated at any time.
Module 3: Political Economy
labor theory of value
Historical conditions for the emergence of commodity economy
Natural economy: an economic form based on self-sufficient family production and aiming at complementing the surplus and deficiency of labor products.
Characteristics: Scattered production, small scale, low level of social division of labor, production to meet own needs, exchange to obtain use value
Commodity economy: an economic form based on specialized production and producing for the purpose of exchange
Simple commodity economy: a commodity economy based on private ownership of the means of production and individual labor
developed commodity economy
Capitalist commodity economy: It is a commodity economy based on private ownership of the means of production and wage labor for socialized large-scale production.
Socialist commodity economy: It is a commodity economy with public ownership of the means of production as the main body, socialized large-scale production as the basis, and the common development of multiple ownership economies.
The emergence of commodity economy
historical conditions
There is a social division of labor
The means of production and the products of labor belong to different owners
Quality and quantity of goods
commodity
Concept: products of labor used for exchange to satisfy certain needs of people
Two properties
Use value: the attribute of a commodity that can satisfy people's needs, that is, the usefulness of the commodity
Value: the undifferentiated general human labor condensed in commodities, that is, the expenditure of human brain and physical strength
The relationship between commodity value and use value is a relationship of unity of opposites. They are mutually exclusive and cannot have both.
labor that produces goods
Concrete labor: concrete forms of labor that produce a certain use value
Abstract labor: Putting aside all concrete forms of undifferentiated general human labor, that is, the physical and mental labor exerted by workers
Determination of commodity value
The quality (entity) of commodity value: Lin Jie’s abstract labor in commodities
Quantity (determination) of the value of a commodity: the amount of labor expended in producing the commodity, Determined by socially necessary labor time
Socially necessary labor time: the labor time required to create a certain use value under the existing normal production conditions of society and the average labor proficiency and labor intensity of the society.
labor productivity
Concept: the ability of workers to produce use value
The higher the level of labor productivity, the less socially necessary labor time is required and the less the value of the unit commodity.
The value of a commodity is directly proportional to the labor time spent in producing the commodity and inversely proportional to labor productivity
Factors affecting labor productivity
Average proficiency level of workers
The degree of development of science and technology and its application in production
The scale and efficiency of production means and natural conditions, etc.
The labor that forms the value of commodities is measured by simple labor
Simple labor: labor that can be performed by ordinary workers without special training and training
Complex labor: labor that requires specialized training and training, and workers with certain cultural knowledge and technical expertise.
The development of value forms and the emergence of money
currency
Concept: Commodities that are fixed and serve as general equivalents formed in the long-term exchange process
Basic functions
value scale
means of circulation
storage means
means of payment
world currency
The basic contradiction of commodity economy
The emergence of currency stimulates the contradiction between private labor and social labor
The basic contradiction of private ownership commodity economy: the contradiction between private labor and social labor
The law of value and its effects
Definition: The basic laws of commodity production and commodity exchange
Main content and objective requirements: The value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time to produce the commodity. Commodity exchange is based on the value and is conducted in accordance with the principle of equivalent exchange.
The expression of the law of value: the price of commodities fluctuates spontaneously around the value
effect
Spontaneously adjust the distribution ratio of production means and labor among various production departments in society
Spontaneously stimulate the development of social productivity
Spontaneously regulate the distribution of social income
negative consequences
Waste of social resources
Hinder technological progress in the short term (forming technological monopoly)
leading to income polarization
The basic contradictions of a commodity economy based on private ownership
The contradiction between private labor and social labor determines the nature and development process of the commodity economy
The contradiction between private labor and social labor is the basis of all other contradictions in the commodity economy
The contradiction between private labor and social labor determines the fate of commodity producers
Understand Marx's labor theory of value scientifically
The theoretical and practical significance of Marx's labor theory of value
Sublated the views of British classical political economics and laid the foundation for the creation of the theory of surplus value.
Reveals the basic contradictions of the commodity economy under the condition of private ownership, and provides a theoretical basis for revealing the relationship between people from behind the relationship between things.
It reveals the general laws of commodity economy and has guiding significance for understanding the socialist market economy.
Deepen the understanding of Marx’s labor theory of value
Deepen our understanding of labor that creates value and create a new definition of productive labor
Shihua’s understanding of the role of scientific and technological personnel and business managers in social production and value creation
Deepen understanding of the relationship between value creation and value distribution
surplus value theory
generation of surplus value
primitive accumulation of capital
Essence: the historical process of violently forcing producers to separate from the means of production
Way
Usury, guild and merchant exploitation
enclosure movement
colonial trade
Labor becomes a commodity
Basic conditions for becoming a commodity
Workers are free men
Workers have nothing but the ability to work
Use value and value of labor power
The use value of labor force as a commodity: the combination of labor force and means of production for production can create a value higher than its own value
Labor power becomes the value of a commodity
Maintain the value of the means of subsistence necessary for workers’ own survival
The value of the means of subsistence necessary to support the workers’ families
Labor education and training expenses
Labor power becomes a commodity, marking a new stage in the development of simple commodity production into capitalist commodity production.
capitalist production process
Capitalist production is the unity of the labor process and the value-added process
Features
Workers work under the supervision and control of capitalists
The fruits or products of labor are all owned by the capitalists
Surplus value: the part of value created by the surplus labor of wage workers and appropriated by capitalists without compensation
Absolute surplus value and relative surplus value
absolute residual value
Concept: The surplus value produced due to extending the length of the working day and increasing labor intensity under the condition that necessary labor time remains unchanged.
relative surplus value
Concept: Under the condition that the length of the working day remains unchanged, the surplus value generated by shortening the necessary labor time and relatively extending the remaining labor time
production of relative surplus value
Individual companies take the lead in improving labor productivity
All enterprises in the whole society have generally improved labor productivity, resulting in a decrease in necessary labor hours in the whole society.
form relative surplus value
The core of relative surplus value
Improve labor productivity
movement of capital
Capital Accumulation
Meaning: Converting surplus value into capital, or capitalizing surplus value
simple reproduction
Production is repeated on the basis of the original scale
The nature of capital accumulation
Capitalists continue to use the surplus value created by workers who occupy it for free to expand the scale of their capital, further expanding and strengthening the exploitation and domination of workers.
remaining value
converted into capital
expanded reproduction
Consumption
as a result of
Social wealth polarization
unemployment
Circulation and reproduction of capital
Capital circulation: Capital starts from one form, undergoes a series of changes in form, and returns to the original starting point.
buying stage (monetary capital)
Production stage (Produced capital)
Sales stage (commodity capital)
social reproduction
Meaning: Continuous and repetitive production
Core issue: the realization of the total social product, that is, the value compensation and physical compensation of the total social product
Conditions for social reproduction to proceed smoothly
Capital expended in production is compensated in value
The production materials and consumption materials consumed in the production process are replaced by physical objects
Total social product: the sum of all material materials produced by society in a certain period (usually a year)
Value composition
C V＋M
Physical composition
means of production (Heavy industrial products)
The first category of production means of production
consumption data (light industrial products)
The second category of means of production and consumption
Distribution of wages and surplus value
The nature of capitalist wages
Workers’ wages are the value or price of labor power, not the value or price of labor
The significance of the theory of surplus value
It profoundly exposed the exploitative nature of capitalist production relations, clarified the economic roots of the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, and pointed out the historical inevitability of the proletarian revolution.
It is the cornerstone of Marxist economic theory and a sharp weapon for the proletariat to oppose the bourgeoisie and reveal the exploitative nature of the capitalist system. Due to historical materialism and the discovery of surplus value, socialism turned from utopia to science
Marx analyzed the production, accumulation, circulation and distribution process of surplus value and revealed the special laws of capitalist economy. He also revealed the general laws of commodity economy and socialized production.
The Essence and Development Trend of Capitalism
Capitalist Economic System and Capitalist Ownership
Capitalist economic system: an exploitation system based on capitalist private ownership and wage labor
capitalist ownership
Concept: a form of private ownership in which the means of production are owned by capitalists
Capitalist ownership in which the means of production are privately owned by capitalists is the basic premise for capitalists to exploit workers
Essence: Capitalists rely on their possession of the means of production and, under the cover of the principle of equal exchange, hire workers to perform labor and occupy the surplus value of hired workers for free.
Basic contradictions of capitalism and economic crisis
The basic contradiction of capitalism
Meaning: the contradiction between the socialization of production and capitalist private ownership of the means of production
Consequences: economic crisis
Essential Characteristics of Capitalist Economic Crisis
overproduction
root cause
The basic contradiction of capitalism
Features: Periodic outbreaks
Performance
The contradiction between the trend of unlimited expansion of production and the relatively shrinking demand of working people who have the ability to pay
On the micro level, the contradiction between the organization of internal production of enterprises and the anarchy of the entire social production on the macro level
Stages and new manifestations of capitalist development
Capitalist political system and ideology
capitalist political system
connotation
Based on the economic foundation of capitalist society
Reflects the economic relations of capitalist society
reflects the demands of the bourgeoisie
and in turn protect its economic base.
Provide political guarantee for consolidating and developing the economic foundation of capitalism
The functions and nature of the capitalist state
Function: Serve the capitalist system and the interests of the bourgeoisie
Essence: a tool for the bourgeoisie to exercise class rule
Capitalist democratic system and its essence
political rule in capitalist countries
Capitalist Democracy and the Rule of Law
form of government organization
Electoral System
party system
separation of powers
Essence: checks and balances between different interest groups within the ruling class
The formation of capitalist ideology
capitalist ideology
The sum of various ideological theories and concepts that dominate in capitalist countries and reflect the interests and demands of the bourgeoisie as the ruling class.
Serve to consolidate the economic foundation of capitalism
The nature of capitalist ideology
Capitalist ideology is the conceptual superstructure under capitalist social conditions and serves the economic foundation of capitalism.
Capitalist ideology is the concentrated expression of the class consciousness of the bourgeoisie
Stages and new manifestations of capitalist development
The formation and development of monopoly capitalism
objective laws of capitalist development
Free competition leads to production concentration and capital concentration. When production concentration and capital concentration develop to a certain stage, they will inevitably lead to monopoly.
The expansion of monopoly capital around the world
Main economic drivers
Export domestic excess capital to seek high profits abroad
Transferring some non-critical technologies abroad has achieved monopoly advantages in other countries and intercepted high monopoly profits.
Competing for the product sales market
Ensure reliable sources of raw materials and energy
as a result of
to the exporting country
favorable
Capital export brings huge profits, accelerates capital accumulation, and enhances strength
Promote and expand commodity exports, consolidate and expand sales markets and investment venues
Greatly improve the international balance of payments situation
It controls the economic lifeline of developing countries and further consolidates and expands its monopoly advantageous position.
unfavorable
Industrial hollowing out
Deepening conflicts between capital-exporting countries and developing and other developed countries
to the importing country
favorable
Obtaining the funds needed for economic development provides conditions for economic development
It has introduced relatively advanced machinery, equipment and process technology, and trained a group of technical and management personnel and skilled workers to adapt to the needs of modern production.
Utilizing foreign capital and technology, we established a number of modern industries, renovated old enterprises, eliminated old equipment, and optimized the industrial structure.
The use of foreign capital to expand production has improved product output and quality, expanded exports, and promoted the development of foreign trade.
Promote economic development, increase employment opportunities, and improve income levels
unfavorable
Paying a large economic price as well as the cost of environmental pollution, energy and resource consumption
Industrial adjustment and layout may be subject to foreign investment strategies
Impacted the country's national industry and affected the control of the national economy
The debt burden has increased, affecting the sustained and stable development of the economy.
Increased reliance on international capital and vulnerability to international economic fluctuations
The essence of monopoly capital
Monopoly capital relies on its monopoly position to obtain high monopoly profits
Capitalism developed into monopoly capitalism and then into imperialism. There are five basic characteristics
Monopolies make decisions in economic life
On the basis of financial capital, the rule of financial oligarchy is formed.
Capital export has taken on particularly important significance
The international monopoly alliance of capitalists that carves up the world has been formed
The largest capitalist powers have divided the world's territories
New changes in contemporary capitalism
The changes and essence of capitalism after World War II
Changes in ownership of means of production
state capital ownership
A form of ownership in which the means of production are owned by the state and serve monopoly capital essentially a form of bourgeois common ownership
legal person capital ownership
The product of legal person shareholderization It is essentially a kind of capitalist collective ownership.
Changes in labor relations and distribution relations
Adopt some incentive systems to ease labor-management relations
Employees participate in decision-making on major corporate issues
lifetime employment
employee stock ownership
Established and implemented a universal and universal social welfare system
Changes in social class and social structure
capitalist
From directly operating and managing enterprises to living off the interest income from stocks and other securities
Senior professional manager
Become the actual controller of the business activities of large companies
The number of knowledge-based and service-based workers continues to increase, and new changes in labor methods have taken place
Changes in economic adjustment mechanisms and economic crisis patterns
Characteristics of today’s capitalist economic crisis
Deindustrialization and industrial hollowing out are becoming increasingly serious, and industrial competitiveness is declining.
The economy is highly financialized, and the virtual economy is seriously out of touch with the real economy.
The finances are seriously indebted, and debt crises frequently break out.
Increasing polarization and social antagonisms
Economic growth is weak and development vitality is insufficient
Frequent financial crises have hit the global economy repeatedly
changes in political system
There is a trend of diversification in the political system and the expansion of civil rights
Pay attention to and strengthen legal system construction
Reformist parties are increasingly gaining influence in the political arena
Since the 2008 financial crisis, the contradictions and conflicts of capitalism
Economic development disorder
Imbalance between the development of virtual economy and real economy
Increased welfare risks
heavy debt burden
political system failure
Western-style elections are often difficult to select the best
Party interests may override national interests
Democratic trap hinders national governance
Failure of social integration mechanism
The rise of extreme social trends
Reduced social mobility
Social conflicts intensify
The historical status and development trend of capitalism
The historical inevitability of capitalism being replaced by socialism
The inherent contradictions of capitalism determine that capitalism must be replaced by socialism
The basic contradiction of capitalism contains the germ of all modern conflicts.
Capital accumulation promotes the continuous intensification of the basic contradictions of capitalism and ultimately denies capitalism itself.
State monopoly capitalism is a higher form of capital socialization and will become the prelude to socialism
Socialism replacing capitalism is a long-term historical process
Capitalism takes a long time from its birth to its demise.
The uneven nature of capitalist development determines the long-term nature of the transition
Contemporary capitalism still has room for production relations to accommodate productive forces
The level of economic development in socialist countries is still relatively low, and the development of socialism itself still needs to go a relatively long way.
The peaceful evolution policies of capitalist countries may also cause setbacks for the socialist movement
Economic globalization and its development trends
The meaning of economic globalization
As production continues to develop, science and technology advance at an accelerated pace, social and international division of labor continues to deepen, and the degree of socialization and internationalization of production continues to increase, economic activities in various countries and regions around the world are increasingly beyond the scope of a certain country and region. The process of interrelation and interdependence
Performance of economic globalization
globalization of production
trade globalization
financial globalization
The causes of economic globalization
The progress of science and technology and the development of productivity have provided a solid material foundation and fundamental driving force for economic globalization.
The development of multinational corporations has provided appropriate corporate organizational forms for economic globalization, which has greatly promoted the global flow of various production factors and the international division of labor.
Changes in the economic systems of various countries are the institutional guarantee for economic globalization
The impact of economic globalization
front
Provide relatively advanced technology and management experience to developing countries
Provide more employment opportunities for developing countries
Promote the development of international trade in developing countries
Promote the development of multinational corporations in developing countries
Negative
Exacerbating the inequality and imbalance in status and benefits between developed and developing countries in the process of economic globalization
Exacerbating resource shortages and environmental pollution in developing countries
Increase economic risks to a certain extent
Module 4: Scientific Socialism and Introduction
The development of socialism and its laws
The 500-year historical process of socialism
utopian socialism
Early utopian socialism in the 16th and 17th centuries (cottage industry stage)
In 1516, the Englishman Thomas More published "Utopia" (The emergence and development of utopian socialism)
The Utopian Mean Communism of the 18th Century (manufacturing industry)
French Moréry's "Code Naturalis" and Marbury's "On the Rule of Law or the Principles of Law"
Critical Utopian Socialism in the Early 19th Century (machinery industry)
Saint-Simon, France, Fourier British Owen
Evaluation/Awareness
historical progress
A poignant critique of the old capitalist system, containing many pertinent insights
The description of the new socialist system sparkles with many geniuses
limitation
Falling into the idealist view of history where rationality dominates the world
We have not found the class power and realistic path to destroy the old and establish the new.
It is not a scientific ideological system or a mature theory.
Historical Value
Utopian socialism is the direct theoretical source of scientific socialism
Marx and Engels founded the theoretical system of scientific socialism
Logo: 1848, "The Communist Manifesto" was published
Lenin's victory in the October Revolution in 1917 In December 1936, it was announced that the Soviet Union had established socialism
The most fundamental reason for the disintegration of the Soviet Union: the shortcomings of Stalin’s model Direct cause: Gorbachev’s reforms External causes: peaceful evolution of Western countries
From one country to many countries
In 1949, New China was founded
The creation and development of socialism with Chinese characteristics
In December 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
basic principles of scientific socialism
main content
Capitalism will inevitably perish and socialism will inevitably win
objective necessity
The proletariat is the most advanced and revolutionary class, shouldering the historical mission of overthrowing the old world of capitalism and establishing a new world of socialism and communism
class mission
Proletarian revolution is the highest form of struggle of the proletariat, with the purpose of establishing state power under the dictatorship of the proletariat
Production must be organized on the basis of public ownership of the means of production to meet the needs of all members of society as the fundamental purpose of production
Economic basic production purpose
It is necessary to carry out planned guidance and regulation of social production and implement the principle of distribution according to work
Efforts should be made to transform and utilize nature in compliance with the laws of nature to achieve harmonious coexistence between man and nature.
We must adhere to scientific theoretical guidance and vigorously develop advanced socialist culture
The proletarian party is the vanguard of the proletariat, and the cause of socialism must always adhere to the leadership of the proletarian party
A socialist society must vigorously liberate and develop productive forces, gradually eliminate exploitation and polarization, achieve common prosperity and comprehensive social progress, and ultimately transition to a communist society
Communism is the most beautiful social system for mankind, and realizing communism is the highest ideal of communists
Correctly grasp the basic principles of scientific socialism
We must always adhere to the basic principles of scientific socialism and oppose any erroneous tendency that deviates from the basic principles of scientific socialism
We must be good at combining the basic principles of scientific socialism with the country's reality and the characteristics of the times, and creatively answer and solve major issues in socialist revolution, construction, and reform.
Keep up with the development of the times and practice, and further enrich and develop the basic principles of scientific socialism while constantly summarizing fresh experience
Explore the development laws of socialism in practice
The long-term nature of the socialist construction process
Constraints on the development of productive forces
Constraints on the Development of Economic Base and Superstructure
Severe challenges in the international environment
The Marxist ruling party’s exploration of the path of socialist development and its understanding of the laws of socialist construction require a long-term process
Diversity of socialist development paths
reason
The productivity, development status and social development stage of each country determine that the socialist development path has different characteristics.
Differences in historical and cultural traditions are an important condition for the diversity of socialist development paths in different countries.
The continuous development of the times and practice is the practical reason for the diversification of socialist development paths
Explore a development path that suits our country’s national conditions
To explore the path of socialist development, we must adhere to the scientific attitude towards Marxism
To explore the path of socialist development, we must proceed from the local historical conditions at that time and persist in following our own path.
To explore the path of socialist development, we must fully absorb all the outstanding achievements of human civilization
Socialism pioneers and advances in practice
Forging ahead in practice is an inevitable requirement for the development of the socialist cause
Socialism is the great practice of hundreds of millions of people
Socialist practice is a process of continuous exploration
Some twists and turns in practical exploration will not change the forward trend of socialism
To promote the development of socialist practice, we must have a pioneering and enterprising spirit
When socialism develops and advances in practice, it must follow objective laws
Must follow the laws of development of human society
We must follow the laws of socialist construction
We must follow the rules of the Communist Party of China
Move towards a bright future of socialism with a confident, responsible and pioneering attitude
Correctly view the form of world socialism in the 21st century
Fully understand the significance of the successful practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics to the development of world socialism
Strengthen confidence, inspire spirit, and move towards a bright future of socialism with a pioneering and enterprising attitude
communism
meaning
communist ideological system, i.e. Marxism or scientific socialism
The communist movement is the actual process in which the proletariat and the masses of the people, under the leadership of the proletarian party, strive to realize the communist ideal.
Communist society is the most beautiful social system for mankind established when the lofty ideal of communism is realized.
Encountering the methodological principles of future society
On the basis of revealing the general laws of human social development, pointing out the direction of social development
In the process of analyzing the old world of capitalism, we will analyze the characteristics of the new world in the future.
Continuously deepen the understanding of the future communist society in the development of socialist society
Based on revealing the general characteristics of future society without making specific descriptions of various details
Basic characteristics of communist society
Material wealth is extremely abundant, and consumption materials are distributed according to needs.
Social relations are highly harmonious and people’s spiritual realm has been greatly improved.
To realize the free and comprehensive development of everyone, mankind leaps from the kingdom of necessity to the kingdom of freedom
Realizing communism is an inevitable trend of historical development
Realizing communism is inevitable in historical development
The realization of communist ideals is inevitable in historical development
Realizing communism is the greatest cause of mankind
Realizing communism is a long-term historical process
The demise of capitalism and the transition to socialism is a long-term historical process
The full development of a socialist society and the eventual transition to communism will require a long historical period
The lofty ideal of communism and the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics
Adhere to the dialectical unity of lofty ideals and common ideals
Upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics is the only way for the Chinese nation to lead to communism
Correctly understand and grasp the relationship between the lofty ideals of communism and the common ideals of socialism with Chinese characteristics
From a time perspective, the relationship between lofty ideals and common ideals is the relationship between final ideals and staged ideals.
From a hierarchical perspective, the relationship between lofty ideals and common ideals is the relationship between the highest program and the lowest program.
From a scope perspective, the relationship between lofty ideals and common ideals is also the relationship between the ideals of all mankind and the ideals of the entire Chinese people.
Strengthen ideals and beliefs and devote ourselves to the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era
Marxism
meaning
It is a theory about the general laws of the development of nature, society and human thinking. It is a theory about the inevitable replacement of capitalism by socialism and the ultimate realization of communism. It is a theory about the emancipation of all mankind by the proletariat and the free and all-round development of everyone. It is a theory about the free and comprehensive development of the proletariat. The guiding ideology of the class party and the socialist country is the guide to action that guides the people to create a better life.
basic components
Marxist Philosophy
Marxist Political Economy
Scientific Socialism
Basic principles of Marxism
The basic principles of Marxism are a concentrated summary of Marxist positions, viewpoints, and methods. They are a theory with universal truth that have been established through repeated tests in practice during the formation, development, and application of Marxism.
basic stance of marxism
It is the fundamental foothold and starting point for Marxist observation, analysis and problem solving
Basic viewpoints of Marxism
It is a scientific understanding of the general laws of the development of nature, society and human thinking, a scientific understanding of the development laws of capitalist society and socialist society, and a scientific summary of the achievements of human thought and social practice experience.
basic method of marxism
Based on the world view and methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, it guides us to correctly understand the world and transform the world's ideological and working methods
Basic characteristics of Marxism
scientific theory
It is a correct reflection of the nature and laws of the development of nature, society and human thinking. It is produced on the basis of social practice and scientific development, and continuously summarizes practical experience in the process of its own development, drawing on the latest achievements in the development of natural sciences and social sciences.
people's theory
People's nature is the essential attribute of Marxism, and people's supremacy is the political stance of Marxism
practical theory
Marxism is a theory that comes from practice to practice, is tested in practice, and continues to develop with practice.
The practical point of view is the primary and basic point of view of Marxism
theory of development
Marxism is an ever-evolving and open doctrine with theoretical qualities that keep pace with the times.
The unity of scientificity and revolution
The contemporary value of Marxism
Cognitive tools for observing changes in the contemporary world
An action guide to guide the development of contemporary China
Marxism is the spiritual banner guiding the development of contemporary China
Marxism is the spiritual driving force for the development of contemporary China
Marxism is the guide to action that leads the practice of contemporary China
Scientific truths that lead the progress of human society
Consciously study and apply Marxism
Work hard to learn and master the basic positions, viewpoints and methods of Marxism
Work hard to study and master the theoretical achievements of adapting Marxism to China and the times
Adhere to the Marxist style of study that integrates theory with practice
Consciously internalize Marxism in the heart and externalize it in the heart