MindMap Gallery Pathology—Pathology often examines inflammatory mediators
Pathology exam focus: Inflammatory mediators refer to chemical factors secreted by cells and body fluids during the inflammatory process. They play an important role in the occurrence, development and resolution of inflammation.
Edited at 2024-01-12 12:30:57Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
inflammatory mediators
way
cell release
Vasoactive amines
histamine
exist cells
Mast cells
degranulation
stimulus
physical factors
immune response IgE Fc receptor
Anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a
leukocyte-derived histamine-releasing protein
Neuropeptide (Substance P)
Cytokines
eosinophils, platelets
receptor
Vascular endothelial cell H1 receptor
effect
Arteriole dilation and increased permeability
Serotonin (5-HT)
exist cells
platelets
stimulus
Platelets come into contact with collagen fibers, thrombin, immune complexes, etc.
effect
vasoconstriction
Arachidonic acid metabolites
Prostaglandins (PG)
PGI2
exist cells
vascular endothelial cells
effect
Dilate blood vessels and inhibit platelet aggregation
PGD2
exist cells
Mast cells
effect
PGD2, PGE2, and PGF2 act synergistically to cause vasodilation and edema.
PGE2
PGD2, PGE2, and PGF2 act synergistically to cause vasodilation and edema.
PGF2
PGD2, PGE2, and PGF2 act synergistically to cause vasodilation and edema.
Leukotrienes (LT)
LTB4
effect
neutrophil chemoattractant
Activator of leukocyte functional reactions (adhesion to endothelial cells, generation of oxygen free radicals, release of lysosomal enzymes)
LTC4, LTD4, LTE4
Produce cells
Mast cells
effect
Bronchospasm
Increased venous permeability
Lipin (LX)
effect
Endogenous antagonist of leukotrienes, associated with resolution of inflammation
Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)
Produce cells
Platelets, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and macrophages, vascular endothelial cells
effect
Activate platelets
Increase vascular permeability
cause bronchoconstriction
Cytokines
TNF,IL-1
Produce cells
Lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells
stimulus
Endotoxins, immune complexes, physical factors
effect
Promote the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and secretion of other cytokines
Promote liver synthesis of various acute phase proteins
Promote neutrophil release
Fever, increased heart rate
Reactive oxygen species
Produce cells
neutrophils, macrophages
effect
A small amount of release promotes the expression of chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules, and enhances inflammatory responses.
Massive release causes tissue damage
leukocyte lysosomal enzyme
exist cells
neutrophils, monocytes
effect
Kill and degrade engulfed microorganisms
tissue damage
neuropeptides
produce
Nerve fibers of the lungs and gastrointestinal tract
effect
Conducted pain
Causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
in plasma
kinin system
bradykinin
effect
Dilation of arterioles and increased vascular permeability
bronchial smooth muscle contraction
cause pain
complement system
C3a, C5a
effect
Arteries dilate and blood vessel permeability increases
Chemottracts white blood cells and kills bacteria
coagulation system
effect
Activate vascular endothelial cells and promote leukocyte adhesion
Increased vascular permeability
Main inflammatory mediators
vasodilation
Histamine, prostaglandins, NO
Increased vascular permeability
Histamine, 5-HT, LTC4, LTD4, LLTE4, PAF, Substance P, C3a and C5a
Chemotaxis, leukocyte diapedesis
Chemokines, LTB4, TNF and IL-1, C3a and C5a
fever
Prostaglandins, TNF and IL-1
pain
prostaglandins, substance P, bradykinin
tissue damage
NO, reactive oxygen species, leukocyte lysosomal enzyme