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Art Making People Human (Part 3 Humanities Topic 1-Religion)
This book is different from ordinary humanities books. It not only focuses on humanities and arts, such as literature, music, performance, etc., but also focuses on eternal philosophical themes, such as morality, happiness, and freedom. I hope that after reading this book, I will be like what is written on the title page: on the way of reading these words, I will meet myself...
Edited at 2024-01-12 19:27:31- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
Art Making People Human (Part 3 Humanities Topic 1-Religion)
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
- Recommended to you
- Outline
Part Three Humanities Themes
Chapter 10 Religion
Summary
For billions of people around the world, religion is an essential part of daily life
in this book
Religion refers to a phenomenon that exists in various cultures and times
It is the need and recognition of belief in a higher order
a response to death and unanswerable questions
is an exploration of the many pathways to divinity
The Importance of Religion in the Humanities
Many of the world's religions are based on sacred texts
Sacred Scripture Contents
Documenting the origin story of the world and the religion itself
Responding to fears of death and disaster
Guide believers in their secular lives
nature of scripture
religious literature
great literary work
Types of Holy Scriptures
"Old Testament"
New Testament
Quran
Vedas
Buddhist scriptures
Tao Te Ching
...
It provides both an explanation of the past and guidance for current life.
Religion has long attracted the attention of artists, sculptors, composers and musicians
Religion and religious issues form the basis of many great works of literature
Dante
"Divine Comedy"
Describes hell, purgatory and heaven
Milton
"Paradise Lost"
Interpretation of the story of Adam and Eve
Propose your own explanation for the age-old conundrum—the problem of sin.
saint augustine
"Confessions"
Recording Augustine's own conversion from sin to Catholicism
Considered the first autobiographical work
Faith is also the basis of many great modern works
"The Chronicles of Narnia" series
Questioning traditional beliefs is a major theme in many literary masterpieces
Dostoevsky
Nearly all novels describe the struggle of faith
Melville
"Moby Dick"
The legendary captain took revenge on Moby Dick while also extending his fist to God
thomas hardy
"Tess of the d'Urbervilles"
The last line implies extreme disappointment in an indifferent God.
polytheistic beliefs
Summary
Early religions adhered to polytheism
Egypt
At least 7,000 years ago, religion and daily life were inseparable in Egypt
Pharaoh
Rule the world as the son of the sun god Ra
People would associate him with Horus, the sky god, or other deities
Considered the intermediary between the Egyptians and the gods
The extraordinary quality of Egyptian art stems primarily from the need for the powerful to be enshrined and worshiped
This demand in turn stems from a religion that continuously bestows divinity on generations of god-kings.
Greek and Roman Religions
ancient greek religion
There is no single form of belief
Generally focused on the worship of the twelve main gods
headed by zeus
Gods are not perfect
Gods control certain aspects of nature and life, but are not omnipotent
Zeus
Make thunder and lightning
Poseidon
create a storm at sea
Early Greek beliefs were gradually influenced by the various regions with which they interacted or warred.
The Pantheon profoundly influenced Rome
Greek and Roman gods have long inspired Western artists and writers
hinduism
Major belief system in most areas of India and Nepal
The third largest religion in the world, after Christianity and Islam
Unlike other religious beliefs, a single historical figure such as Muhammad or Christ did not develop
On the contrary, Hinduism developed in layers and brought together many different traditional customs and beliefs.
holy book
Vedas
The Rig Veda is one of the most important
is the word and revelation given directly to mortals
Similar to the Hebrew and Christian Bibles and the Islamic Quran
Upanishads
Closely related to the Vedas
There are strict rules for life
Bhagavad Gita
one of the most popular texts
records philosophies about man and god
Literary works describing the heroic deeds of our ancestors and philosophical arguments about the meaning of life and man's responsibility to the gods
"Mahabharata"
earliest to appear
The longest film in history
More than 100,000 verses
Ramayana
has always been highly regarded
Devout Hindus still abide by its teachings
Appearance of Brahman, Shiva and Vishnu
Brahma
Shiva
vishnu
native religion
native american religion
Beliefs are often polytheistic
Different groups tend to view the gods and their world as extensions of this world
african religion
The core of the belief is that humans live in harmony with nature and the spiritual world
Most African religions have numerous legends about creation, creation, and the construction of the spiritual world.
definition
Polytheism
A religion that believes in more than one god
monotheism
A religion that believes in a supreme god
Basrelief
Stone sculptures found in many ancient tombs
Brahma
Hindu god of creation of the universe
Brahma
In Hinduism, refers to the spiritual force that governs the universe, the soul of the universe
Shiva
The god of change and destruction in Hinduism, the old and the new
The second of the three main Hindu gods
vishnu
One of the main gods of Hinduism
Has the power to balance creation and destruction
merging
Integration of traditional beliefs and new religious beliefs
belief in an amorphous or universal god
Nirvana and Liberation: Reaching Bliss
Buddhism
Siddhartha takes refuge
Siddhartha preaches Dharma
Four truths of life
Life is bitter
Suffering comes at will
There is a way to end suffering
Follow the Eightfold Path
Eightfold Path
Built around the concept of “righteousness”
"just"
Act, react and think as things are
Not what we want them to be or pretend they are
It means moving in a constant state of awareness, free from selfish desires, and acting appropriately
content
right view
know things as they are
Right thinking
decision based on right view
Right Speech
Speak appropriately to avoid irritating others and causing resistance, but do not avoid danger and lie.
Right business
Maintain correct views when acting and interacting with others, and do not make assumptions.
Right Livelihood
Seeking money is to make a living, for yourself and for others. Do not seek for money and be trapped by things.
Right effort
Encourage spiritual practice, not seek career or reputation
Mindfulness
Always maintain an attitude of sitting and meditating, whether in groups or alone
Zhengding
Focus on reality, don’t have me, don’t be shaken
A Buddhist's Guide to Living in Peace and Harmony
Zen
One of the Buddhist schools
Developed in China
spread to Korea and Japan
A serious philosophy of practice
Requires years of transcendental practice and sustained long-term meditation
Need guidance from an experienced Zen master
Reflects the influence of Buddhism introduced from Hinduism on traditional Chinese religions, especially Taoism and Confucianism
zen art
After sitting quietly and meditating for a long time, I have to draw with pen and ink.
Sophisticated portraits
Taoism
Originated in China and can be traced back to the writings of Laozi
Tao Te Ching
The Great Way is an impersonal divine order that governs the universal universe
Taoism is a religion because believers are obliged to live according to this order
main performance
Cultivation of body and mind
harmonize mind
Understand human feelings
Respect the elderly and be hospitable
...
basic beliefs
The avenue operates through constant interaction
Sadness and joy
life and death
yin and yang
day and night
Cold and heat
Blessing and misfortune
...
You cannot embrace life without being prepared for death
The fear of death—or of anything contrary to what one values—can lead to suffering
The universe contains the most basic opposition - Yin and Yang
In Chinese art, yin and yang are intuitively expressed as a circle. One side is white with black, the other side is black with white
Tai Chi diagram
Socrates and Plato
"Utopia"
Proposed a profound vision of an ideal society and the importance of a good soul
Created an ideal country
Ruled by a philosopher-king, not a god-king like Egypt
What is revealed in their thoughts is the belief in universal inherent rationality and individual will to think.
Aristotle's "immovable mover"
The universe is an ordered system composed of the sun and planets, which has always existed
But initially it was cold, lifeless, and still
By definition, there is always a reason for movement
The operation of the entire system must have started long ago.
It must be propelled by something immovable.
If this is the case, we must determine the cause of its movement, and so on, ad infinitum.
definition
hinduism
General name for various Indian religions
Dating back to 1500 B.C.
honor the gods
Belief in Reincarnation
relief
hindu sanskrit terms
The state of bliss reached after many reincarnations
nirvana
in Buddhism
The state of bliss achieved after immersing yourself in meditation and letting go of your ego.
in english
A state of complete relaxation and no stress
Karma
In Hinduism, it refers to the general moral expansion of personal behavior.
Determines which path a person will be born into in reincarnation
supreme enlightenment
in Buddhism
Refers to the state of complete detachment from oneself achieved by Gautama
People can see the true colors of things
Buddha
Sanskrit terms
enlightened one
In Indian fables, the Buddha appears once every 25,000 years and can attain supreme enlightenment without having to undergo reincarnation.
Specifically referring to Buddha Gautama Siddhartha
He believes that everyone can become a Buddha
Buddhism
A lifestyle, meditation practice and religion based on the teachings of Gautama
Law
hinduism
moral structure as the basis of existence
Buddhism
Dharma is equivalent to Tao in Taoism
road
English translation of the Chinese word "Tao"
the moral order that governs the universe
Do nothing
Taoist terminology
If you are in harmony with the universe, you can do nothing and do everything
Positive
The active component of the Taoist middle finger is often represented by a white circle with a small black circle inside it in the Tai Chi diagram.
The two small circles symbolize message collaboration between active and passive components
Negative
The passive component of the Taoist middle finger often appears as a black semicircle with a small white circle inside in the Tai Chi diagram.
Zen
A form of ascetic practice in Buddhism
It requires a high degree of self-discipline and long periods of meditation.
dialectics
The question-and-answer philosophical method used by Socrates
immovable mover
The ever-present force according to Aristotle
is the original mover that sets the entire universe in motion
Not itself driven by anything
meditation
Meditation practice in Buddhism
The individual thereby achieves a state of selflessness
Pantheism
Believe that there is divinity in the universe or nature, rather than believe in some personal or anthropomorphic god or gods
belief in one god
Summary
Monotheistic religion is a very influential religious concept
Important to the three major religions of the world today: Judaism, Christianity and Islam
The first appearance can be traced back to the brief reign of the Egyptian pharaoh Akenaton more than 3,000 years ago.
Judaism
Summary
Early Semitic Religion
worship ancestor abraham
Introducing the first almighty god
This vision of God was later shared by Christianity and Islam
Among the original 12 Hebrew tribes, the tribe of Judah, son of Jacob, stood out and dominated
Judaism takes its name from Judah
Hebrew Bible
Christians call it the Old Testament
Beginning around the 10th century AD, biblical texts reveal changes in understanding of the nature of God
God is not only seen as Supreme Ruler, but also as Father and Holy Spirit
6th or 7th century BC
The Age of the Hebrew Prophets Begins
Certain prophetic books were also added to the Bible
Some are consistent with the facts
the fall of jerusalem
Others have philosophical and moral purposes
During this period, Judaism underwent profound changes
more complicated
Pay more attention to the justice of the widowed, lonely and helpless people
Later chapters begin to question the wisdom of Hebrew law set forth in the earlier chapters
"Job"
The only text in the Hebrew Bible where Satan appears
Comparable to a masterpiece in the history of Greek tragedy
Solving perhaps the most important problem in monotheism
Why do good people have to suffer?
The influence of the Hebrew Bible
No work in history has had such a great impact on art, literature, thought, drama, and especially popular idioms as the "Old Testament"
Much of Western moral wisdom comes from the Old Testament
For art lovers, regardless of their faith, understanding biblical characters can be of great benefit
For thousands of years, the stories and characters in the Hebrew Bible have provided poets, philosophers, and artists with a variety of themes, plots, and puzzles
Its profound influence continues to this day
Christianity
Core Beliefs and Practices
Most knowledge about Jesus comes from the four Gospels
The first four books of the Christian New Testament
The Gospels were written by four followers of Christ
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
The Gospels acknowledge Jesus as the Son of God
Christianity emphasizes the word "Son" in the language, but the word "Son" is also called "Eternal Father"
Eventually the Christian church accepted the belief that Jesus was both Father and Son, as well as a spiritual being (i.e. the Holy Spirit)
"Trinity" becomes a doctrine that Christians must accept
Central to Christian faith and practice are two doctrines
"You shall have no other gods before me."
Hebrew Bible
"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you."
"New Testament·Gospel of Matthew"
golden rule
Found in almost every major religion
Often a negative expression
"Buddhist Sutra"
"Whoever hurts others hurts himself"
Quran
“Unless you treat others as you would treat yourself, there is no true faith.”
Jesus was probably the first person to state this law in a positive light
Questioning beliefs
After the actual fall of the Roman Empire in 5 AD, Christianity swept the Western world
It has now become the belief system of more than 30% of the actual population.
Tangled up in problems
Is this world God's creation?
Why did God create the world?
Does God think?
Does God have feelings?
If God has no thoughts and no feelings, how can He respond to human needs?
Augustine
"Confessions"
Describes the difficulties he faced after converting to Christianity
is one of the most personal and candid books ever written by a philosopher
religious reform
Christianity spread widely in the Middle Ages, winning millions of believers and gradually turning into Catholicism
Commanding believers to turn away from sin or face hellfire
Martin Luther openly resisted
"Ninety-five Theses"
Huge divisions arise between Christian protesters (Protestants) and Catholics
protestant
Desire to simplify religious worship and weaken its bureaucracy and secular power
Catholic
Firm belief that the Pope is God’s only representative on earth
Priests are mediators between God and the people
Islam
Summary
The second largest and fastest growing religion in the world
Founded by Prophet Muhammad
Muslims believe Muhammad is the last of the prophets, including Abraham, Moses and Jesus
Muhammad was a respected leader, husband and father, successful in all aspects
prophet muhammad
His teachings were compiled into the Quran
The Holy Bible of Islam and the Core Components of the Islamic Faith
what he wants to do
Not only preaching the word of Allah
We also hope to help people build a society based on brotherhood, peace and moral interaction according to the laws of Allah.
He became a political consultant and agent for social reform
This is very different from Siddhartha
the difference
Siddhartha
He teaches the Eightfold Path and believes that as more and more believers take notice of his teachings and integrate them into their daily lives, reform will come naturally.
muhammad
Visions of an ideal world still based on Islamic state regimes
The function of government is to enforce the laws of God
After Muhammad's death, there were huge divisions in Islam
Sunni
Abu Bakr, a close friend of Muhammad
gain victory
Shia
Support Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law Ali
Each of them relied on the accounts of the recorders they trusted.
Core Beliefs and Practices
core
Live a life in the service of Allah
The word "Islam" is derived from the word "submission"
For Muslims, Allah is always personally involved and appears when individuals need help.
No clergy as mediators
Although there is an Imam during prayers
imam
leader of worship
religious scholars and wise men
Not only the leader of worshipers, but also the leader of the group
When Islamic regimes were established, they were still heads of state
main customs
Absolute belief in the teachings or the Qur'an (recitation)
Rituals
five daily prayers
homework
charity or alms
Zhai Gong
fasting during ramadan
Pay tribute
Make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your life
The existence of Allah is God-given and cannot be doubted
Because there is no mediator between an individual and God, confession is not done to a priest like in Catholicism, but to "repent" directly to God.
Unlike other religions, Islam is considered both a spiritual and political path
Including legal system and economic system
Mainly derived from the sayings and deeds of the Prophet Muhammad
Similarities and Differences between Islam and Christianity
same
There are also fundamentalists and other more flexible believers
The Quran has striking similarities to other holy texts
Also believe that the world will eventually perish, followed by the Day of Judgment
Good people will have eternal life in heaven
Bad people suffer the torments of hell
different
Only the Qur'an represents the true interpretation of God's way
Strict Islamic law always prohibits gambling and alcohol consumption
De-emphasis on redemption and forgiveness of original sin
Seeking the moral perfection of believers
Therefore salvation is not necessary
Islam and mysticism
definition
Torah
The first five books of the Hebrew Bible
"Genesis"
One of the most extraordinary documents in the history of the humanities
Describes in elegant, compact prose the story of the creation of the universe, Adam and Eve's expulsion from the Garden of Eden for disobedience, and the covenant between God and Abraham
An epic in itself
Comparable to The Iliad and The Aeneid
Countless artists and writers throughout the ages have drawn infinite inspiration from it
"Exodus"
It tells the story of the Hebrew slaves who escaped from Egypt to the desert under the leadership of Moses and then received God's Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai.
"Leviticus"
Revealed the provisions of priestly law regarding temple rituals
"Numbers"
Contains a census of the Hebrew population and the story of a rebellion against Moses
"Deuteronomy"
Recounts the final instructions of Moses, who died before reaching the Promised Land
other
Tells the story of kings, generals, judges and prophets
Includes war, betrayal, family strife, and reconciliation
The core characters are ordinary people
According to legend, the author was Moses
Talmud
The Talmud that explains the laws of the Torah and the Bible
Made from nothing
latin phrase
Used in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam to describe the universe created by God
heresy
Beliefs or statements that challenge medieval Christian teachings
Inquisition
A high-level Christian court convened since the 13th century to mainly try and judge heretics.
Ramadan
9th month of Muharram
sacred month
It is believed that during this month God delivered the Quran to Muhammad in the city of Mecca
Understanding Good and Evil: A Matter of Faith
Summary
Both ancient and modern philosophy regard goodness as a main object of concern.
Good and Evil in Christianity
Good and evil in Islam
concept of free will
Free will provides a way to make two beliefs compatible
An almighty God can choose to grant freedom to humans
On a human level, freedom is real
An all-knowing God can tell people what their choices would be in the absence of any will
On the divine level, predestination is true
Proof of God's Existence
Moses Maimonides
To give the name of God to the immovable mover
thomas aquinas
Create a system of thought designed to prove the existence of God to non-believers
Thomism
"Five-Way Proof" of God's Existence
Argument from the Immovable Mover
argument from final cause
Argument from own necessity
It is also considered by many philosophers to be the most convincing argument
Argument from the hierarchy of things
final cause argument
The most famous and controversial argument
Since there is an obvious order in the workings of the universe, it could not have been placed there by chance.
definition
Predestination
faith advocated by augustine
A person's life, including all moral or immoral choices, is predetermined before he is born
Calvinism
A man is born either to be saved or to be damned
Suspect
agnosticism
An agnostic does not openly question God, but does not believe that everything about God, including his existence, is certain.
Agnosticism is a very valid philosophical position, often the result of deep introspection
atheism
charles peirce
American atheist leader
Deeply involved in a philosophical movement called pragmatism
"How to Make Our Thoughts Clear"
What is "faith"
it's something we realize
it calms doubts
It involves the establishment of rules of action in our nature
In short, it involves a habit
The difficulty with faith is
People may seize on anything that can calm their doubts and adopt it as belief
People cannot tolerate ignorance or the inability to explain
For most people, what is important is that a belief is good, and whether it is true or not is not important.
According to pragmatism, a philosophical question is not important if it has no impact on the practical conduct of life
His philosophy is firmly rooted in science, and anything that is not observed and cannot be verified experimentally is untrue.
Whether you accept this logical argument or not depends entirely on the individual
It clearly illustrates the fact that scientific and religious ideas have different interests
Atheists are closer to science
A devout believer must be willing to accept faith and even miracles
Atheism in philosophy and art
Friedrich Nietzsche
"Death of God"
Some late-Victorian writers and poets expressed a strong sense of disillusionment
definition
agnosticism
Believe that it is impossible for one to know with certainty whether God exists
atheism
Belief that God cannot logically exist
pragmatism
Philosophical Thoughts Originating from the United States
Believe that the truth or falsity of a certain concept can be measured through experimental and practical results
materialism
a philosophical concept
Believes that only matter is real
Religion and Art
Religion in Literature and Philosophy
walt whitman
"Leaves of Grass"
The influence of mythical beasts on Indian religious thought
romanticism
William Wordsworth
"Beside Tintern Abbey"
religion in visual arts
Without religious belief, the history of visual art would be greatly shortened