“Use your own words to explain clearly to others what you have learned.” When you explain, you need to put aside external auxiliary materials such as textbooks, reference materials, and online resources, and use the information that remains in your mind to explain clearly to others.

Solving learning problems from a teacher's perspective can enrich our understanding of the subject matter and give us a firmer grasp of what we want to master and learn. In the learning pyramid, those students who are the most proactive, have the strongest practical skills, and pay the most attention to teaching activities will ultimately achieve the best learning results.

Students who teach others always achieve better results than students who immerse themselves in self-study, because by teaching others, their own learning becomes more organized, they are able to free themselves more completely from failure and experimentation, and they take on more Responsibility for active learning.

Learners receive good feedback and can appropriately adjust their learning methods, content, and strategies.

Human attention spans are limited, and we need to respect this limitation and develop a reasonable learning plan accordingly—split new information into smaller, more manageable chunks for learning.

If the time is too short, you will not be able to understand enough information in depth; if the time is too long, your cognitive abilities will begin to decline, resulting in poor learning efficiency.

When learning, prioritize understanding and comprehension over rote memorization, where concepts come before facts. When we have a deep rather than superficial understanding of information, we are able to contextualize new ideas, which will also help us remember and apply relevant facts or information more easily.

Done correctly, failure can actually be a valuable source of information.

Accept that learning can be frustrating at times. Failure is part of the learning process, so learn to embrace it when you encounter it. Use failures to motivate yourself to develop new learning plans, and use the lessons learned from failures in your follow-up actions.

A growth mindset believes that development is possible and can be achieved through hard work and dedicated training.

Involves three main steps: encoding, storage and retrieval.

How deeply we encode material (the process of solidifying it into our minds) depends on how much and how intensely we focus on it, as well as the type of senses through which we access the information, and the intensity of the emotions associated with it.

forgetting curve

Five steps of the learning cycle

Information retrieval training is the best means and art of consolidating memory

practice test

Distributed exercises

elaborative questions

self-interpretation

interleaved learning

Reading without really focusing on the material you need to read. Learning how to read is just as important as what you read.

It is best to adjust the learning process from the perspective of "mindset". Everyone falls somewhere along two axes, abstract vs. concrete (perceptual quality) and sequential vs. random (sequencing ability). The combination of these two axes forms four different thinking types, which determine each learner's different preferences when encountering new information.

good notes