MindMap Gallery Chapter 8 Quality Management
PMP Study Notes Chapter 8: Quality Management Key learning points in this chapter: 1. The difference and connection between grade and quality ««« 2. Precision and accuracy ««« 3. Continuous improvement ««««« 4. The difference between QA and QC ««««« 5. Quality cost COQ «««« 6. Quality audit «««« 7. Root cause analysis and fishbone diagram ««««« 8. Control chart «««« 9. Histogram ««« 10. Changes in quality management concepts ««««
Edited at 2023-06-02 17:21:20One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
Chapter 8: Quality Management
quality management process
8.1. Planning quality management
enter
1. Project charter
2. Project management plan
demand management plan
risk management plan
Stakeholder Engagement Plan
Scope Baseline
3. Project files
Hypothetical log
requirements document
Requirements Tracking Matrix
risk register
Interested Party Register
4. Business environment factors
5. Organizational process assets
Tools & Techniques
1. Expert judgment
2. Data collection
Benchmarking
mind analysis
Interview
3. Data analysis
Cost-benefit analysis
quality cost
4. Decision-making
Multi-criteria decision analysis
5. Data performance
flow chart
Logical data simulation
Matrix diagram
mind Mapping
6. Testing and inspection specifications
7. Meeting
output
1. Quality management plan
2. Quality measurement indicators
3. Project management plan update
risk management plan
Scope Baseline
4. Project file update
Lessons Learned Register
Requirements Tracking Matrix
risk register
Interested Party Register
planning process group
8.2. Management quality
enter
1. Project management plan
quality management plan
2. Project files
Lessons Learned Register
Quality control measurement results
quality measures
risk report
3. Organizational process assets
Tools & Techniques
1. Data collection
Checklist
2. Data analysis
Alternatives analysis
File analysis
process analysis
Root Cause Analysis
3. Decision-making
Multi-criteria decision analysis
4. Data performance
Affinity diagram
cause and effect diagram
flow chart
Histogram
Matrix diagram
Scatter plot
5. Audit
6. X-oriented design
7. Problem solving
8. Quality improvement methods
output
1. Quality report
2. Testing and evaluation documents
3. Change request
4. Project management plan update
quality management plan
Scope Baseline
progress baseline
cost basis
5. Project file update
Problem log
Lessons Learned Register
risk register
executive process group
8.3. Control quality
enter
1. Project management plan
quality management plan
2. Project files
Lessons Learned Register
quality measures
Test and Evaluation Documents
3. Approved change request
4. Deliverables
5. Work performance data
6. Business environment factors
7. Organizational process assets
Tools & Techniques
1. Data collection
Checklist
checklist
statistical sampling
Questionnaire
2. Data analysis
performance review
Root Cause Analysis
3. Check
4. Testing/Product Evaluation
5. Data performance
cause and effect diagram
Control Charts
Histogram
Scatter plot
6. Meeting
output
1. Quality control measurement results
2. Verified deliverables
3. Work performance information
4. Change request
5. Project management plan update
quality management plan
6. Project file update
Problem log
Lessons Learned Register
risk register
Test and Evaluation Documents
Monitoring Engineering Group
Core Concepts of Project Quality Management
1. Plan quality management: define principles, tools, methods and standards for managing quality
2. Management quality: The core content is quality assurance QA
Grade and quality: Grade¹Quality, grade and quality are two concepts. A high grade does not necessarily mean high quality, and a low grade does not necessarily mean low quality. Low grade is not necessarily a problem, but low quality is definitely not a good thing.
Precision and Accuracy
Precision: Precision refers to the aggregation of repeated measurement data and the small distance between samples
Accuracy: Measured values match expected values. The distance between the sample and the target is small
Hit the handle
Quality management level and development of quality management
Five levels of quality management levels
Users discover defects: the highest cost, damage to goodwill and reputation
Check and correct QC: Check results and correct defects to control quality
Process Assurance QA: Process Assurance and Continuous Improvement
Design optimization DFX: integrating quality into planning and design
Totally free quality management TQM: a quality management culture with full participation
Quality management development history
Craftsman self-inspection
low efficiency
Can't check the problem
Full-time quality inspection
Quality control: analyze the causes of quality
Quality Assurance: Set standards and implement according to procedures.
Quality integrated into design planning
total quality management
Quality management development trends
Trend 1: Customer Satisfaction
Good or bad quality is neither defined by the manufacturer nor evaluated by the quality association, but is decided by the customer. Only when the customer is satisfied can the product be considered to be of good quality.
Julan’s core idea: meet requirements and suitable for use
The distinction and connection between grade and quality is also defined. High grade does not necessarily mean high quality, and low grade does not necessarily mean low quality.
Founder of Totally Free Quality Management TQM
Zhulan
Trend 2: Continuous Improvement
Quality relies on accumulation bit by bit and is constantly improving.
Deming Circle PDCA
Plan
Execute Do
CheckCheck
Process Action
Deming PMP exam male number one
The story of Haier smashing refrigerators continues to improve little by little.
Trend 3: Management Responsibility
When there is a quality management problem, the main responsibility lies with the management rather than the employees.
Deming believed that employees were only responsible for 15% of problems, and the other 85% was due to systems and processes.
Mainly responsible for management
Trend 4: Continuous cooperation with suppliers for mutual benefit and win-win results
Cost of quality COQ
Quality related costs
Including costs incurred to prevent quality failures or correct failures (rework, etc.).
Quality cost classification
Cost of Consistency: Prevention
Prevention costs (creating a certain high-quality product)
training
Documentation process
equipment
Complete time
Evaluate cost (evaluate quality)
test
Bo Bad Smile Experiment Loss
examine
Projects cost money (avoid failure)
Cost of non-conformity: corrected
Internal failure costs (failures discovered in the project)
Rework
scrapped
External failure costs (customer-detected failures)
debt
warranty work
lose business
Money spent before and after the project (due to failure)
representative figure
Crosby
The father of "zero defects"
It's always cheaper to do the job right the first time
Quality comes from prevention, not "evaluation". Good quality is designed, not inspected.
The cost of quality is measured as the "cost of non-compliance with requirements"
Taguchi Genichi
The founder of quality engineering
The greater the quality deviation from the target value, the greater the loss.
Genichi Taguchi’s quality loss curve, the farther away from the target, the greater the cost
Poor quality
The quality is either too good or not
Example: quality of headphones, photography hobby
Plan quality management
1. Logical data model
2. Matrix diagram
L-shaped: Analyze the relationship between pairs
T-shaped: analyze three dimensions and the relationship between any two products
X type: four series of indicators, what is the relationship between two adjacent indicators and them
Y type: the relationship between any three pairs
Type C: three dimensions, three common influences
Help us analyze the relationship between our production process, production technology and final quality results
Show the strength of the relationship between factors, causes, and goals where rows and columns intersect.
flow chart
between us and our suppliers
between us and our customers
Quality Control
quality audit
quality audit process
Identify: all good/best practices being implemented and all gaps/deficiencies
Share: Good practices from similar projects in your organization or industry
Assistance: Provide assistance, improve processes, and help the team improve efficiency
Accumulation: Emphasize that each audit contributes to the organization’s accumulation of lessons learned
Confirmation: Implementation status of approved change requests
QA quality assurance and QC quality control
All audits are process compliance
For example, in the financial audit process, the required procedures must be in place and comply with the financial standard process. No matter how much money is quoted
Design for “X”
Fully consider all aspects when designing
DFX concept-product manager thinking model
Example: IKEA warehouse
Methods and tools for managing quality
Quality Management Methods - Root Cause Analysis (RCA)
Find the root cause
Level by level can always push the cause to the next level.
For example: Sanlu milk powder quality
Quality Management Tools
cause and effect diagram
Finding the root cause of a problem can also be used to identify risks and analyze their causes.
Quality Circles – discuss quality issues across departments
We put the statement at the head of the fish bone as a starting point, trace the source of the problem along the fish bone (big thorn-->burr), and push back to the root cause of the problem
The cause-and-effect diagram was proposed by Kaoru Ishikawa (PMP exam male number two)
The father of QCC quality circle
quality circle
QC
Cause and Effect Diagram (Fishbone Diagram)
Histogram
Histogram is also called histogram
Histogram is very intuitive and effective for quality control
Determine whether the quality is good or not, and the reasons why it is bad
Reasonable product quality? What standards does good quality control meet?
1. Basically consistent with normal distribution
2. All data are within specifications
3. The mean is consistent with the center of the specification
4. The specification line is located at 4 times the standard deviation (the standard deviation measures the fatness and thinness of the normal distribution curve)
What causes the histogram?
Symmetrical distribution (normal distribution): the production process is normal and the quality is stable
Skewed distribution: caused by technical and habitual reasons, which is an abnormal situation.
Sawtooth distribution: improper grouping, or problems with test methods and readings
Island distribution: caused by unskilled workers replacing shifts
Steep wall distribution: caused by the elimination of unqualified products, out-of-class products or repairs that exceed the difference.
Bimodal distribution: the result of examining two different distributions mixed together
Flat peak distribution: the result of a dominant effect caused by slowly changing factors
Except for the normal distribution, everything else is not ideal and not good.
What kind of histogram is bad?
Bilateral no margin type
consistent with normal distribution
The data is within the specification line
But he is too fat, which means that the standard deviation s is too large
The product range and specifications are exactly the same. Because there is no margin, there is a concern that if the process is slightly changed, the specification will be exceeded, so it is necessary to reduce the deviation.
Too much margin type
consistent with normal distribution
The data is within the specification line
Being far away from the specification line is not good either. It's very good from a quality perspective, but if you can relax the quality control requirements appropriately, you can reduce costs or improve efficiency.
The process capacity is too rich. If the specifications are not too generous, the process capability index should be appropriately relaxed to reduce costs.
mean deviation
consistent with normal distribution
it's off center
The average is too far to the left. In order to reduce the defective rate, the process center should be adjusted to be close to the specification center.
Scatter plot
Help us find out whether and how much the variables that affect our product quality are related to our final product quality results.
Analyze the causes of quality problems through correlations between variables
Types of scatter plots
Strong positive correlation: For example, if you don’t study hard, you will definitely fail the PMP exam.
weak positive correlation
strong negative correlation
weak negative correlation
Unrelated: If you have good academic performance, you will definitely pass the PMP exam.
nonlinear correlation
Checklist
Just like taking stock of the warehouse, we check all the factors related to product quality one by one. Various factors are confirmed one by one.
checklist
The inspection table is also called the counting table, which is where we check the quality. If a defect is discovered, it must be recorded, but we will record different defects separately.
Used with Pareto charts
Pareto chart
Pareto, an Italian economist who proposed the 28/20 principle
The 28/20 principle means that 80% of problems are caused by 20% of the causes
A small number of concentrated types account for most of the final number of defects
If you concentrate on solving these few concentrated defects, you can solve 80% of the problems
Control Charts
statistical sampling
Samples are randomly selected
Use probability theory to evaluate sample results
Must-know knowledge points
Control Charts
The specification line is located 4s on either side of the mean, also called 4 times the standard deviation.
The control line is located on both sides of the mean, 3 seconds inside the specification line, also called 3 times the standard deviation. More stringent than the specification line
Control chart is also called the seven-point principle or the seven-point rule
If the following three situations occur, there will be quality problems, and work must be stopped to find out the cause and solve it.
When the product’s final quality data is on one side of the mean for seven consecutive points
Seven consecutive points show a monotonic upward or monotonous downward trend, even on both sides of the mean. Indicates that the data is continuously getting larger or smaller.
When data appears outside the control line, even if it is still within the specification line
Hierarchy
Data of the same nature and collected under the same conditions are grouped together for comparative analysis.
Implementation steps of hierarchical approach
1. Put forward the problem or project to be described
2. Determine the method or process of analysis
3. Make forms and record data
The layering method is also called the data layering method, which includes 4 M and 1 E.
MEN - people
MACHINE--machines and equipment
MATERIAL--Material
METHOD--Method
ENVIRONMENT--environment
Man-machine material method ring
For example: aviation services
Quality 7 Tools
Cause and Effect Diagram: Root Cause
Histogram: determine frequency
Scatter plot: relationship between two variables
Checklist: avoid omissions
Pareto Chart: Analysis of the main reasons
Control charts: monitor any process
Flowchart: shows a series of steps
Summary of the 7 tools of quality management
Fishbone Chasing Causes: Fishbone Diagram to find the root cause of the problem
Inspection set data: To record and count the number of all defects and their types
Histogram distribution: shows whether the distribution pattern of the data is skewed or steep-walled.
Control and look for abnormalities: look for abnormal situations, 7-point rule
Pareto's key points: the 80/20 principle, 80% of the problems are actually caused by only 20% of the causes, find the key points to solve the 20% of the causes
Scatter points to see correlation: Find whether there is any relationship between factors and the final result. How close is the relationship?
Analysis at different levels: Analyze the causes of defects at five levels of the human-machine-material-method cycle and find ways to improve them
Control quality
The main role of quality control
Identify the causes of process inefficiencies or poor product quality and recommend and take appropriate actions to eliminate these causes
Confirm that project deliverables and work meet the established needs of key stakeholders and are sufficient for final acceptance
Process Decision Program Chart PDPC
We are worried about a final result, substandard quality. So what should we pay attention to when doing him? What measures can we take in advance to avoid this tragedy?
Tools for quality control
Checklist
a structuring tool
Verify whether a series of steps have been performed by specifically listing each inspection item to ensure that regular tasks are performed in a standardized manner during the quality control process.
statistical sampling
Samples are randomly selected
Use probability theory to evaluate sample results
Quality management concept changes
Will improving product quality lead to increased project costs? reduce? Still unchanged? reduce
Changes in quality management concepts
Key learning points in this chapter
1. The difference and connection between grade and quality «««
2. Precision and accuracy «««
3. Continuous improvement «««««
4. The difference between QA and QC «««««
5. Quality cost COQ ««««
6. Quality audit ««««
7. Root cause analysis and fishbone diagram «««««
8. Control chart ««««
9. Histogram «««
10. Changes in quality management concepts ««««