MindMap Gallery Organic Chemistry-Aldehydes and Ketoquinones
This is a mind map about aldehydes, ketones and quinones. Aldehydes, ketones and quinones are three types of organic compounds with different structures and properties, which have a wide range of applications in chemistry and industry.
Edited at 2024-01-17 21:26:28One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
aldoketonequinone
name
Chemical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
nucleophilic addition
HCN
Prerequisite: Aldehydes, aliphatic methyl ketones, and cyclic ketones with less than 8 C can react
Formation of α-hydroxynitrile
Can form carboxylic acid under acidic conditions
with NaHSO4
Heat with dilute acid or alkali to return to the original aldehyde and ketone
Prerequisite: Aldehydes, aliphatic methyl ketones, and cyclic ketones with less than 8 C can react
Generate sodium α-hydroxysulfonate (white precipitate)
with H2O
When there is a strong electron-withdrawing group on the carbonyl group, gemdiol is a stable structure
with alcohol
Generates hemiacetals and acetals
Dry HCL
Acetal hydrolyzes into its original aldehydes and alcohols under acid catalysis
Ketones do not react with monohydric alcohols but can form ketals with ortho-diols under anhydrous acid (dry p-toluenesulfonic acid)
Acetal, ketal: protection of carbonyl group (acidic reduction back to original aldol)
Cyclic hemiacetal (can only be a five- or six-membered ring)
with format reagents
With amines and their derivatives
Note that there is EZ isomerism
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: carbonyl reagent (test carbonyl group)
Return to the original aldehydes and ketones under the action of acid
α-H reaction
Aldol condensation
The obtained β-hydroxyaldehyde and ketone is unstable and becomes α,β-unsaturated aldehyde and ketone when heated.
Pay attention to the formation of five or six-membered rings during intramolecular aldol condensation.
It’s α-H that fell
Halogenation reaction
under alkaline conditions
Haloform reaction
Has an acetyl group
Redox reactions
Oxidation of aldehydes
Toulon's reagent (all aldehydes)
Fehling's reagent (only oxidizes aliphatic aldehydes, not aromatic aldehydes)
Benedict's reagent
Reduction of carbonyl groups
Catalytic hydrogenation
Carboxylic acid derivatives cannot be reduced
LiAlH4
Unable to reduce alkenes
Sensitive to water, prone to explosion in water
Sodium borohydride (NaBH4)
Alkenes and carboxylic acid derivatives cannot be reduced
Clemson reduction method
Zn-Hg concentrated HCl
under acidic conditions
Huang Minglong reduction method
Hydrazine, water, ethylene glycol, potassium hydroxide
Disproportionation reaction (Cannizzaro reaction)
Aldehydes without α-H are disproportionated under the action of concentrated alkali to obtain acids and alcohols.
If formaldehyde is present, formaldehyde is oxidized
Quinone
D-A reaction can occur
1,4 addition reaction occurs