MindMap Gallery Introduction to Medical Organic Chemistry Hydrocarbons
Introduction to Medical Organic Chemistry Sharing of Knowledge Points on Chain Hydrocarbons. The dipole moment represents the polarity of the bond. The value is equal to the product of the distance d between the positive charge center and the negative charge center and the charge q. The greater the magnitude and direction of the dipole moment, The more polar the molecule is.
Edited at 2023-06-29 10:39:12One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
organic chemistry
introduction
The dipole moment represents the polarity of the bond. The value is equal to the product of the distance d between the center of positive charge and the center of negative charge and the charge q. It has size and direction. The larger the dipole moment, the more polar the molecule.
organic reaction types
Free radical reaction (homogeneity)
Ionic reaction (heterolysis)
Nucleophilic reaction
A reagent that can donate electrons (usually Lewis base) attacks the substrate (usually partially positively charged C)
nucleophilic addition
nucleophilic substitution
electrophilic reaction
The electron-deficient reagent (usually Lewis acid) attacks the substrate (usually partially negatively charged C)
Electrophilic bonus
electrophilic substitution
synergistic reaction
chain hydrocarbon
Alkane C type
primary carbon atom
Connected to a C, level C, 1°
secondary carbon atom
Tertiary carbon atom
quaternary carbon atom
Sequence rules
Atomic numbers from largest to smallest
Compare the main chain first, then compare the side chain
order rules
If the two preferred atoms or groups are on the same side of the double bond, it is recorded as Z
Located on both sides of the double bond are marked E
Halogenation reaction
Belongs to free radical chain reaction
Chain trigger
chain growth
chain termination
Conditions: Light or temperature between 250~400℃
Obtain a mixture containing methane, chloromethane, methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride
Reactivity
Fluorine > Chlorine > Bromine > Iodine
3°H>2°H>1°H
Alkenes
π bonds are not as overlapping as α bonds and are more active
Note that alkynes are less reactive than alkenes because
The bond length of alkyne is too short, the bond energy is too large, and it is difficult to break
sp hybridized state C has a stronger ability to attract electrons than sp2 hybridized state C
The π bond is "side by side" and is difficult to rotate, causing cis-trans isomerism.
Two methyl groups (or hydrogen atoms) on the same side of the double bond are called cis
Trans on the opposite side
Markov's rule: H is added to C with more H, and halogen is added to C with less H.
induction effect
All electron-withdrawing groups except alkyl groups
Hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes
Lindela Catalyst
Obtain cis alkenes
Metal sodium or lithium is used as reducing agent, and liquid ammonia or ethylamine is used as solvent
Obtain trans alkenes
Alkynes
Terminal alkynes are weakly acidic
Reacts with metallic sodium to form sodium acetylide (replaces H)
Reacts with silver ions to form silver acetylide (bright color precipitate)
Reacts with cuprous ions to form cuprous acetylide (brick red precipitate)
The heat of combustion of each CH2 of open-chain alkanes is approximately 658.6kj/mol