MindMap Gallery Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Summary of knowledge points in the introduction to organic chemistry, specifically the generation and development, characteristics of organic compounds, expression of molecular structural formulas, classification, basic theory of covalent bonds, reaction types, and concepts of acids and bases.
Edited at 2023-05-17 21:15:37One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
generation and development
In 1894, Gomelin and Kekulé collectively referred to carbon-containing compounds (except carbon oxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, cyanides, thiocyanates, etc.) as organic compounds.
Later, German chemist Schellemaier and others pointed out that organic compounds are hydrocarbons and their derivatives, referred to as hydrocarbons.
Characteristics of organic compounds
Basic Features
1. Huge quantity and complex structure
2.Easy to burn
3. Low melting point and boiling point, hardly soluble in water, easily soluble in organic solvents
4. Non-conductive
5. The reaction rate is slow and there are many side reactions
Homogeneous series and isomerism: A series of compounds that have the same general molecular structure, similar structures, and similar chemical properties, and whose physical properties change regularly with the increase in the number of carbon atoms, are called homogeneous series. The phenomenon of having the same molecular formula but different structures is called isomerism.
Expression of molecular structure formula
1. Lewis formula (also called Lewis electronic formula, represented by · or ×)
2. Short-line form and its abbreviation
3. Keyline type
Classification
Classification by carbon chain
open chain compound
cyclic compounds
Alicyclic compounds
aromatic compounds
Heterocyclic compounds
Classification by functional group: the atom or group that determines the main chemical properties of organic compounds
Basic theory of covalent bonds
valence bond theory
Two common chemical bonds
Ionic bond - electron gain and loss
Covalent bond - sharing electron pairs (forming a stable & electron configuration)
The formation of a covalent bond: It is the result of the overlap of the bonding atomic orbitals or the pairing of electrons. Two single electrons with opposite spin directions pair up to form a covalent bond.
basic points of formation
The bonding electrons must be single electrons with opposite spin directions
Saturation: Once an electron is paired with another electron, it cannot be paired with other electrons
Directionality: The overlap of connected electron orbitals to form a bond must meet the maximum overlap condition
molecular orbital theory
Symmetric matching
The overlap of atomic orbitals is directional
similar energy
hybrid orbital theory
Before and after hybridization, the number of atomic orbitals remains unchanged
Isolated atoms do not change, only during the process of forming molecules
Depending on the conditions, the hybrid orbital types may be different.
Hybridization of carbon atoms: regular tetrahedral sp4 (can rotate freely, methane), planar triangle sp3 (cannot rotate freely, ethylene), linear sp2 (cannot rotate freely, acetylene)
Covalent bond parameters
Bond length: The shorter the bond length, the more stable the bond
Bond energy: The greater the bond energy, the stronger the bond
Bond angle: reflects the spatial structure of the molecule
Bond polarity: measured in dipole moment (u), direction: plus or minus units (D)
Polarity: Positive and negative charge centers (q) complement the molecule
Non-polar: positive and negative charge centers overlap
reaction type
Breaking of covalent bonds
free radical reaction
ionic reaction
synergistic reaction
According to reaction reagent type
electrophile
Nucleophilic reaction
According to the relationship between reactants and products
Substitution reaction
addition reaction
elimination response
rearrangement reaction
Redox reactions
Acid-base concept
Brønsted: Any molecule or ion that can combine with a proton is a base
Lewis: Acids are electron acceptors that can accept external electron pairs, and bases are electron donors that can donate electron pairs.