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Organic Chemistry Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
The knowledge of unsaturated hydrocarbons in organic chemistry is not completely sorted out. I have sorted out monoolefins, alkynes, dienes, and terpenoids. You can collect it if you like.
Edited at 2023-03-29 01:36:52- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
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Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
Organic Chemistry Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
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Chapter 2 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Monoolefins and alkynes
definition
(Mono)alkenes: Unsaturated open-chain hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon double bonds. The general formula is: CnH2n; functional group: C=C; hybridization state: sp2
Alkynes: Unsaturated open-chain hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond. The general formula is: CnH2n-2; functional group: CºC; hybridization state: sp3
Ethylene
Structural features: Six atoms are on the same plane, and the angle between C-H and C-C is close to 120°
Carbon atoms are sp2 hybridized, and each sp2 hybridized orbital has 1/3s component and 2/3p component
Double bonds: one s key and one p key
Acetylene
Straight line shape, bond angle 180°
Each sp hybrid orbital has 1/2s component and 1/2p component
Three keys: one s key, two p keys
Nomenclature of monoolefins and alkynes
①Select the main chain. Select the longest carbon chain containing double bonds as the main chain, which is regarded as the parent. It is called an alkene/alkyne according to the number of carbon atoms in the main chain. Numbers with more than ten carbons are numbered in Chinese characters, and a "carbon" is added in front of the word alkene, such as dodecene. Side chains are considered substituents.
②Number the carbon atoms of the main chain in sequence starting from the end close to the double bond or triple bond, use a smaller number to indicate the position of the double bond or triple bond, and write it before the name of the alkene or alkyne, if both When there are double bonds and triple bonds in the same position, the double bond number should be the smallest.
③Determine the name. Write the position, name and number of the substituents other than the main chain before the name of the alkene.
structural isomerism
Positional heterogeneity
Carbon chain isomerism
cis-trans isomerism
Definition: If two identical atoms or groups connected to a double bond are on the same side of the double bond, it is called cis, and vice versa. (Use the Chinese characters cis and trans to indicate the relative positions of the substituents on the double bond)
Conditions must be met:
(1) There are factors that restrict rotation in the molecule; [such as carbon-carbon double bonds]
(2) The two carbons of C=C have the same substitution;
(3) The substituents on the same alkene carbon are different.
Z/E isomerism
Definition: Arrange according to the size of the atomic number, with the larger atomic number given priority. The preferred atom or group is Z on the same side of the double bond and E on the opposite side.
Sequence rules:
(1) Those with larger atomic numbers are given priority;
(2) If they are the same, compare to the next level;
(3) A double bond is regarded as two single bonds;
(4) There is no additivity.
I>Br>Cl>S>F>O>C>H
physical properties
1. The boiling point, melting point and density increase with the increase in the number of carbon atoms.
At normal temperature: C2~4: Gas C5~18: Liquid C19 and above: Solid Low density
2. Boiling point: linear olefins > branched chain olefins
cis olefins > trans olefins (dipole moment = 0)
3. Melting point: trans olefins > cis olefins (trans symmetry is high)
4. Solubility: Hardly soluble in water, easily soluble in benzene, ether, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and other organic solvents.
chemical properties
addition reaction
Catalytic hydrogenation
Alkenes
Alkynes
Electrophilic bonus [rich electrons]
Halogen addition
X2 reactivity: F2>>Cl2>Br2>I2
I2 generally does not react with olefins, and F2 reacts too violently and is prone to carbon chain breakage, which is of no practical significance.
The addition of two X (eg bromine) atoms to a double bond is not simultaneous.
Bromine will fade during the reaction, and this property can be used to identify alkenes.
hydrogen halide addition
HX activity: HI>HBr>HCl
Commonly used asymmetric reagents: HX, H2O, H-OSO3H, HXO
Anti-Markovitch rule: Under the conditions of peroxide, hydrogen atoms are added to carbon atoms with less hydrogen atoms, and halogens are added to carbon atoms with more hydrogen atoms. (Belongs to the free radical reaction process)
Markov's rule: When the addition reaction of hydrohalic acid (polar reagent) and asymmetric alkenes is carried out, the hydrogen in the acid is mainly added to the double-bonded carbon atoms containing more hydrogen atoms.
Anti-Markovitch rule: Under the conditions of peroxide, hydrogen atoms are added to carbon atoms with less hydrogen atoms, and halogens are added to carbon atoms with more hydrogen atoms. (Belongs to the free radical reaction process)
induction effect
(1) Definition: It refers to the change in the density distribution of the bonding electron cloud in the molecule after the introduction of an atom or group into an organic molecule.
(2) Characteristics: It is transmitted along the carbon chain and rapidly weakens or disappears as the chain grows. After 3 atoms, the effect is extremely weak and disappears after 5 atoms or more.
(3) Classification: attract electrons; push electrons.
(4) Relative strength:
-I (suck):
Elements of the same family: -F>-Cl>-Br>-I
Same period: -F＞-OR＞NR2
Charged: -N＋R3＞-NR2
Different hybridization states: sp>sp2>sp3
+I (push):
a. When an alkyl group is connected to an unsaturated carbon chain, it forms a +I effect:
b. When the alkyl group is connected to an atom or atomic group that is more electronegative than the alkyl group, it is +I.
(5) C+ stability order:
water addition
Follow Markov's rules
Hydroboration reaction of alkenes:
Sulfuric acid addition
subtopic
Nucleophilic addition of acetylene
oxidation reaction
Potassium permanganate oxidation
alkaline/neutral
Acidic
ozone oxidation
Alkenes
Alkynes
Catalytic oxidation of ethylene
Diolefins
Classification and naming of dienes
The structure of 1,3 butadiene
Conjugated systems and conjugated effects
Chemical properties of conjugated dienes
terpenoids
Isoprene rules and terpene classification
Introduction to terpenes
Natural rubber and synthetic rubber