MindMap Gallery organic chemistry
A mind map of organic chemistry, including saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes), unsaturated hydrocarbons, bond parameters of covalent bonds, intermolecular forces, breakage modes of covalent bonds in organic reactions, and classification of organic compounds.
Edited at 2023-03-03 22:48:55One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
organic chemistry
Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes)
Homogeneous series and isomers
Homologues
Similar structures, differing in CH2 or its multiples
General formula: CnH2n 2
heterogeneity
Structural isomerism: atoms are connected in different order
Carbon chain isomerism
stereoisomerism
The difference between carbon atoms
Primary/secondary/tertiary/fourth level or primary/secondary/tertiary/quaternary carbon
expression
Spider web style
Simplified structure
Keyline
name
common nomenclature
Number representation
A, B, C, Ding, Wu, Ji, Geng, Xin, Ren and Gui eleven...
Normal/Extra/New (less than seven carbon atoms)
Positive: Does not contain branched chains
Different: There is a methyl group on the second carbon atom at one end of the carbon chain in the molecule
New: Structure with tert-butyl group, containing five or six carbon atoms
systematic nomenclature
The longest carbon chain as the main chain
Start numbering from the end closest to the branch chain
order rules
Better groups come last (size of atomic number)
lowest order
The one with the smaller order is encountered first
Alkane structure
Methane
Three-dimensional shape: regular tetrahedron
H-C-H bond angle
Hybrid type: sp3
Single key to rotate freely
Conformations (stereoisomerism) of ethane and butane
Ethane
Crossover (predominant conformation)
overlapping
Butane
full overlap
adjacent crossover
Partially overlapping
Para-crossover (predominant conformation)
nature
physical properties
chemical properties
Chlorination
oxidation and combustion
unsaturated hydrocarbons
Alkenes
The structure of ethylene
Plane shape, six atoms in the same plane
Carbon atom hybridization type: sp3 hybridization
Naming and heterogeneity
name
common nomenclature
systematic nomenclature
1. Choose the longest carbon chain containing a double bond
2. Number the end closest to the double bond
When naming, pay attention to the position of the double bond
Heterogeneous
Functional group positional isomerism (structural isomerism)
Cis-trans isomerism/geometric isomerism (stereoisomerism)
Reason: C=C cannot rotate freely
Conditions: 1. There are restrictions in the molecule 2. Each carbon atom connected by a double bond must be connected to two different atoms or groups.
E/Z
physical properties
chemical properties
addition reaction
Catalytic hydrogenation
Catalyst: Pt/Ni, etc.
Addition with halogen
Bromine water, bromine solution in carbon tetrachloride
with hydrogen halide
Asymmetry, Markov's rule
Stability of carbocation
with water
Under the catalysis of acid, alcohol is produced
Markov's rule
with sulfuric acid
Alkyl hydrogen sulfate
Markov's rule
with hypohalous acid
with alkenes
acid catalysis
With borohydride (anti-Martensitic)
Reason: Hydrogen is more electronegative than boron
The addition of alkenes to borane produces trialkylborane, Trialkyl boron is oxidized to alcohol by hydrogen peroxide under alkaline conditions
Oxidation
with potassium permanganate
Aqueous solution of potassium permanganate: the purple color fades and a brown manganese dioxide precipitate is formed.
Cold potassium permanganate solution: generates vicinal diol
Acidic conditions/heating
There is one hydrogen in the double bond - carboxylic acid
No - ketones
Ozonation
There is one hydrogen in the double bond - aldehyde
No - ketones
Ethylene oxide
Catalysis: Ag
polymerization
Halogenation of alpha-hydrogen
α-Hydrogen: The carbon connected to C=C is called α-carbon. The hydrogen attached to it is called α-hydrogen
Conditions: Light/Heating
Substitution reaction
Alkynes
The structure of acetylene
Straight line shape, bond angle is 180°
sp hybridization
Naming and heterogeneity
Isomerism: carbon chain isomerism and triple bond position isomerism
physical properties
Chemical properties (the atomic nucleus has a greater binding force on the electrons in the sp hybrid orbit, The electronegativity of sp hybridized carbon atoms is strong, and the electrophilic addition reaction is generally slower than that of alkenes)
addition reaction
Catalytic hydrogenation
Pd/Pt, giving alkanes
Lindlar catalyst can produce olefins
with hydrogen halide
Asymmetrical, Mahalanobis
with water
Catalysis of sulfuric acid and mercury salts
The formation of vinyl alcohol is extremely unstable. Rearrangement occurs to give acetaldehyde (tautomerism) (acetylene)
In addition, other alkynes and water, the product is a ketone
with hydrocyanic acid
Catalysis of cuprous chloride and ammonium chloride
Form acrylonitrile
C=C cannot proceed
Formation of metal alkynes (terminal alkynes)
AgNO3 ammonia solution (gray white ↓)/CuCl ammonia solution (reddish brown ↓)
Identify terminal alkynes from other alkynes
Diolefins
1,3-Butadiene (conjugated diene)
structure
chemical properties
1,4 bonus
diene synthesis reaction
Isoprene and rubber
introduction
Bond parameters for covalent bonds
Bond length, bond angle, bond energy, bond polarity
intermolecular forces
Dipole-dipole forces, dispersion forces, hydrogen bonds
How covalent bonds are broken in organic reactions
Homolytic (free radical), heterolytic (ion)
Classification of organic compounds
open chain compounds, carbocyclic compounds