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cell transmembrane potential
Resting potential (positive outside and negative inside): K balance potential caused by K diffusing outside the membrane through inward rectifying potassium channels to form an inward rectifying potassium current (Ik1); action potential (negative outside and positive inside).
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- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
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cell transmembrane potential
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
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- Outline
working cell transmembrane potential (Take ventricular muscle as an example)
resting potential (positive outside and negative inside)
Generally -90~-80mV
The size mainly depends on the K concentration difference between the intracellular and intracellular fluids and the permeability of the membrane to K
K equilibrium potential caused by K diffusion outside the membrane through inward rectifier potassium channels to form inward rectifier potassium current (Ik1)
inwardly rectifying potassium channel
Non-gated ion channels are not controlled by voltage or chemical signals, and membrane potential affects their opening.
Inward rectification: a phenomenon in which the permeability of Ik1 channels to K is reduced due to membrane depolarization.
Participating current: Main K current, sodium background current, pump current
Action potential (negative outside and positive inside)
Issue 0 (rapid depolarization period)
-90mV→ 30mV (1~2ms) Caused by Na internal flow
Phase 0 depolarization mechanism: stimulation → resting potential -90mV → threshold potential -70mV, activation of fast Na channels (fast Na channels can be blocked by tetrodotoxin TTX) → Na regeneration (inactivation starts at 0mV) → and membrane depolarization The positive feedback between polarization causes the membrane to rapidly depolarize to a level close to the Na equilibrium potential in about 1 ms.
Participating current: Mainly sodium inward current (INa), a small amount of T-type calcium current (ICa-T)
Issue 1 (Initial stage of rapid repolarization)
30mV→0mV (10ms) caused by K outflow
Participating current: Mainly instantaneous outward current (Ito), small amount of chlorine current (Icl) Ito can be selectively blocked by the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)
season2 (Slow repolarization period or plateau period)
0mV (100~150ms) is caused by the slow and persistent inflow of Ca2 (the main reason) and the outflow of K
Participating currents: L-type calcium current (ICa-L), inward rectifier potassium current (Ik1), delayed rectifier potassium current (Ik) ICa-L can be affected by the calcium channel blocker verapamil
It is unique to the action potential of cardiomyocytes and participates in the most complex period of ion flow.
Issue 3 (end of rapid repolarization)
0mV→-90mV (100~150ms) caused by K outflow
Participating currents: Mainly delayed rectifier potassium current (Ik), inward rectifier potassium current (Ik1) involved in terminal repolarization Class III antiarrhythmic drugs inhibit Ik
Main part of repolarization
Issue 4 (Complete repolarization phase or resting phase)
At resting potential -90~-80mV
Affecting ions: Na, K, Ca active transport Mechanism: Sodium-potassium pump Na-Ca exchanger (transfer 3 Na, discharge 1 Ca) small calcium pump
The period from the beginning of phase 0 depolarization to the completion of phase 3 depolarization is called the action potential duration, which is about 200~300ms.