MindMap Gallery Chapter 6 Bacterial Infection and Immunity
Microorganisms Chapter 6: Bacterial Infection and Immunity Mind Map. Bacterial infection is a series of pathological changes caused by bacteria that invade the host body, grow and reproduce and interact with the body. Procedure.
Edited at 2024-04-06 23:05:51One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
Chapter 6 Bacterial Infection and Immunity
concept
Bacterial infections
Bacteria invade the host body, grow and reproduce and interact with the body, causing a series of pathological changes.
pathogenic bacteria/pathogens
Bacteria that can cause infection in the host
non-pathogenic bacteria
Bacteria that cannot cause infection in the host
Opportunistic pathogens/opportunistic pathogens
infect
The process by which pathogenic bacteria travel from one host to another and cause infection
anti-infection immunity
After microorganisms invade the host body, the host immune system produces an anti-infection immune response to inhibit or avoid the pathogenic effects of microorganisms.
Normal colonies and opportunistic pathogens
normal flora
Concept: Bacteria that normally reside in the host's body and are harmless and beneficial to the host are important components of the host's microbiota.
Caverns, etc. do not belong inside the body but outside the body
Location: Often on the surface of the cavities (such as oral cavity, nasopharyngeal cavity, intestine, urogenital tract, etc.) that communicate with the outside world in normal people.
Physiological effects
biological antagonism
Bio-barrier and space-occupying protection
Produce metabolites harmful to pathogenic bacteria
nutritional competition
nutritional effect
Escherichia coli synthesizes vitamin B and vitamin K
Immunity
Promote the development of host immune organs and stimulate the maturation and immune response of the immune system
Anti-aging effect
anti-tumor effect
Microecological balance and imbalance
opportunistic pathogens
Concept: When the ecological balance between normal flora and the host is imbalanced, some normal flora will become opportunistic pathogens and cause disease in the host, so they are also called opportunistic pathogens.
Common situations
Change in the location of normal flora (translocation parasitism)
Decreased host immune function
Reasons: Application of high-dose corticosteroids, anti-tumor drugs, radiotherapy, late stage AIDS patients
Dysbiosis
Manifestation: causing secondary infection or superinfection
Inducing factors: long-term or large-scale use of antibiotics
Pathogens: Bacteria that can cause infection in the host are called pathogenic bacteria or pathogenic bacteria
Pathogenic effects of bacteria
concept
Pathogenicity
Concept: The ability of bacteria to cause disease to the host (qualitative)
Virulence
Concept: Pathogenicity (amount)
Invasive power + toxin (toxicity)
index
LD50
half of the infection
Bacterial invasiveness
Concept: The ability of pathogenic bacteria to break through the physiological barriers of the host's skin and mucous membranes, enter the body, and colonize, reproduce and spread in the body.
include
Adhesin
Bacterial adhesion requires two necessary conditions
Adhesin
adhesin receptors on the host surface
capsule
Antiphagocytosis and resistance to bactericidal substances in host body fluids
Invasive enzymes
Hyaluronidase facilitates the spread of bacteria
Invasin
a protein encoded by a gene
bacterial biofilm
toxin
Exotoxins
Source: G+, small amount of G-
characteristic
Chemical essence: Protein consists of two subunits, A and B.
Strong toxicity and high selectivity to tissues and organs
Most exotoxins are heat-labile
Strong antigenicity
Toxoid: Formaldehyde solution for exotoxins removes the toxicity of exotoxins and retains immunogenicity
type
neurotoxin
Cytotoxic
Enterotoxins
endotoxin
Source:G-
Features
Chemical properties: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
The toxic effects are relatively weak and non-selective to tissues
Main toxic component lipid A
heat resistant
Not very antigenic
Cannot use formaldehyde solution to detoxify and become toxoid
Biological effects
febrile reaction
Mechanism: Macrophages and other cells produce endogenous pyrogens
Cause changes in the number of white blood cells
Endotoxemia and endotoxic shock
disseminated intravascular coagulation
host immunity against infection
innate immunity
barrier structure
Skin and mucous membranes
blood brain barrier
placental barrier
phagocyte
identify
Phagocytosis and sterilization process
consequences of phagocytosis
Autophagy
humoral factors
complement
Lysozyme
antimicrobial peptides
adaptive immunity
Humoral immunity
extracellular bacteria
Antibody
cellular immunity
intracellular bacteria
T cells
anti-intracellular bacterial immunity
Occurrence and development of infection
Source of infection
exogenous infection
endogenous infection
Definition: An infection caused by bacteria carried by the patient himself
Inducement:
Extensive use of antibiotics leads to dysbiosis
Decreased immune supply of the body
elderly
terminal cancer patients
AIDS patient
Organ transplant recipients using immunosuppressants
way for spreading
respiratory tract
digestive tract
Skin and mucous membranes
arthropod vector
sexually transmitted
spread through multiple channels
occurrence of infection
The immune status of the body
Bacterial factors Pathogenicity
Virulence
Number of intrusions
Invasion portals and locations
Type of infection
latent infection
Most common
Overt infection
According to the severity of illness
acute infection
chronic infection
According to the site of infection
local infection
systemic infection
toxaemia
Bacteria do not enter the blood, exotoxins enter the blood
bacteremia
Localized bleeding, no reproduction
septicemia
Bacteria enter the blood, multiply and produce toxins
sepsis
sepsis caused by pyogenic bacteria
Bacterial status
Hospital Infection
Classification
endogenous nosocomial infection
also known as autoinfection
exogenous nosocomial infection
cross infection
environmental infection
hospital-acquired infection
Microecological characteristics
Mainly opportunistic pathogens
Often resistant
Changes in species often occur
risk factors
Hospitals are the concentration of susceptible subjects to nosocomial infections
age factor
Basic illness
Diagnosis and treatment techniques and invasive examinations and treatments can easily lead to hospital infections
Diagnosis and treatment technology
Invasive (interventional) tests and treatments
Factors that damage the immune system
Radiation Therapy
chemotherapy
Hormone application