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Oral preventive medicine
This is a mind map about Chapter 3 Oral Preventive Medicine, including introduction, oral epidemiology, caries prevention, periodontal disease prevention, oral health education and oral health promotion, etc.
Edited at 2024-03-24 09:17:17
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One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
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Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
Oral preventive medicine
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
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- Outline
Chapter 3 Oral Preventive Medicine
introduction
concept
Research object
crowd
Basic elements
Group disease status
group precautions
Personal preventive health care methods
Tertiary prevention
primary prevention
Not sick
Cause prevention
secondary prevention
Treat illness early
Preclinical prevention
Three mornings: early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment
Tertiary prevention
Cure the disease
clinical prevention
Restore or preserve oral function
Ask a question
1Why are diseases divided into three levels of prevention?
2. What are the three names for primary, secondary and tertiary prevention?
3. Which level of prevention is the most important?
Root planing [ ] Oral examination【】 health promotion, [ ] What level of prevention is it? [ ]
At what level are high-risk groups identified?
Summarize:
oral epidemiology
Oral health status survey
Research methods of oral epidemiology (not exam for assistants)
1
Overview
2
What are the methods of oral epidemiology?
Answer: 1. Descriptive epidemiology 2. Analytical Epidemiology 3. Experimental Epidemiology
descriptive epidemiology Function: It is to analyze the distribution and occurrence of diseases or health phenomena in the population, The development patterns are objectively described and etiological hypotheses are proposed.
descriptive epidemiology
cross-sectional study
Also known as current situation survey, it refers to the situation at a specific point in time (a short period of time)
The second national oral epidemiological sample survey conducted in my country (one point in time)
longitudinal study
Also known as "disease surveillance," regular follow-up of the natural dynamics of a condition in a population over time
Conduct regular inspections on the incidence of dental caries among primary school students (for a period of time)
Routine data analysis
Also known as historical data analysis, to study the city's data is to make medical records based on existing data or the hospital's patient disease surveillance records in the past five years (the data is analyzed or summarized)
List questions
analytical epidemiology
case-control study
Retrospective study effect → cause
Advantages: short observation time, fewer research subjects required
Disadvantages: large recall bias, low accuracy
cohort study (array research)
Prospective study cause → effect
advantage: The relationship between different exposure intensities and diseases can be obtained It is also possible to observe the relationship between an exposure factor and multiple diseases
shortcoming: Long research time Chronic diseases require a lot of manpower and material resources
Summarize
subtopic
experimental epidemiology
Features
Also known as epidemiological experiments or field experiments or intervention experiments It is a prospective study (high reliability)
1. It is an experimental method rather than observation or human intervention.
Experiment by adding or removing a factor To observe its impact on the occurrence of disease or health status of the population.
2. Randomize groups and strictly establish a control group.
Random no no no no random
Random: Grouping is random and not based on exposure factors.
What kind of experiments/clinical trials are commonly used [using humans or animals/humans]
According to research purpose and classification of research objects
Field experiment
Clinical experiments (subjects are patients or healthy people)
Community intervention trials (an extension of clinical trials and field trials)
Classification according to test method
open trial
Blind trial
Single blind: subjects do not know their group
Double-blind method: researcher and subject No one knows the subject group, the most commonly used
Triple blind method: also includes data collection Supervisors and analysts don’t know either
The main purpose
Test the hypothesis of etiology
Effectiveness and safety evaluation of preventive measures
Evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a new drug, new method, or new preparation
Cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit evaluation
Understand the experimental process
Summarize
1
investigation method
census
Within a specific time range, usually 1 to 2 days or 1 to 2 weeks A survey or examination of each member of a specific group of people
The survey response rate for the census is required to be above 95%, and the missed survey rate is high.
sample survey
method
simple random sampling
Systematic sampling (interval sampling, mechanical sampling)
stratified sampling
cluster sampling
cluster as sampling unit
Multi-stage sampling (multi-stage sampling)
shortcut survey (WHO recommended)
Only look at people in representative index age groups (5, 12, 15, 35～44, 65～74 years old)
pilot survey (pre-survey)
Conducted on representative minority groups of 1 to 2 age groups Surveys are usually for the 12-year-old group, plus another age group
Sample content
Sample size will affect the survey effect
formula
N=K×Q/P
N is the number of people tested
P is the expected prevalence rate of a certain disease
Q=1-P
K value size
When the allowable error is 10% (0.1P), K=400
When the allowable error is 15% (0.15P), K=178
When the allowable error is 20% (0.2P), K=100
Errors and prevention methods
Random errors: cannot be completely avoided
selection bias
Random selection, not according to the sampling design plan
prevention methods
Be strict when selecting survey subjects Epidemiological sampling design for sampling
non-response bias
In fact, it was missed
prevention methods
Do a good job with the subjects before the investigation
The best way to give out small gifts
information bias
Measurement bias caused by inspection equipment, etc.
Prevention: Use standard equipment, and maintain stable environmental conditions
Bias due to respondent
reason
Recall bias: failure to remember
Reporting bias: unwillingness to answer truthfully, lying
Prevention: Try to provide possible recall targets
Reasons for examiner bias
reason
inter-examiner bias
The examiner's own bias
prevention methods
Diagnostic criteria for diseases must be accurate
Careful training is required before investigating A unified understanding of diagnostic criteria is needed
Conduct standard conformance test before investigation
subtopic
Kappa value and reliability
0～0.40 unqualified
0.41～0.60 in
0.61～0.80 excellent
0.81～1.0 completely reliable
Data sorting and statistics
Statistical indicators
The average reflects the average level or central tendency of a group of observations of the same nature and is often used to analyze measurement data.
Standard deviation is the degree of variation between a set of observations, that is, the degree of dispersion.
Standard error is used to express the size of sampling error.
Rate describes the frequency or intensity of a certain phenomenon, percentage
Composition ratio describes the proportion of each component within something, percentage
subtopic
Statistical Analysis (normal distribution)
P>0.05 statistically insignificant
0.05≥P>0.05 statistically significant
P≤0.01 highly statistically significant
measurement data Statistical Analysis
Comparison of two sample means
When the sample size is small, t test is generally used.
When the sample size is large, the u test is generally used.
Comparison of multiple sample means
Usually analysis of variance and rank sum test are used
counting data Statistical Analysis
Hypothesis test for the difference between two sample rates
u test
Differences in sample rates and composition ratios between two or more
Chi-square test
Indexes and Standards
Diagnostic criteria for crown caries
The probe detects obvious pits and fissures or smooth surfaces of the teeth. Destroying or softening the cave floor or walls under the enamel
The diagnostic criteria for root caries are soft or leathery lesions on the root surface of the tooth using a probe.
CPI index
Bleeding gums, tartar accumulation, and pocket depth
Dean index
Dental fluorosis damage and classification basis
DMFT/DMFS
caries index
Summarize
Oral health questionnaire (assistant does not take the test)
Investigation method
self-filling
Interview style
survey design
Principles of questionnaire design
Questionnaire design steps
problem design
Mainly closed questions
question form
Fill in the blanks
Binomial (whether or not question)
enumeration
multiple choice
Sequential questions
Multiple optional expressions
scoring questions
matrix questions
answer design
subtopic
subtopic
subtopic
QC
Questionnaire reliability
Refers to using the same indicator to repeatedly measure a stable trait The degree to which the same results are obtained (consistency, repeatability)
The greater the reliability coefficient - the higher the reliability
Questionnaire validity
The degree of correctness, also known as validity, accuracy or authenticity
Pre-survey
The choice is similar to the research object, but is not Research conducted on a small number of people
Questionnaire surveyor training
Questionnaire return rate
Ratio of number of questionnaires returned to number issued
Improve recycling rates common methods
The layout is simple, beautiful and easy to read
The questions are the right number and easy to answer
Seek support from authoritative institutions
Let the respondents prepare for the purpose and significance of the research in advance, and thus be more willing to accept surveys
Convenient for survey subjects
Pay attention to investigator training
Give souvenirs
Questionnaire content
Properties of the research object
Oral health knowledge, attitudes and behaviors
Oral health-related quality of life
Summarize
Oral Clinical Test Methods (Assistants are not allowed to take the exam)
The basic principle
random
control
Blind method
Basic classification
historical comparative study
Use the results of clinical trials that have been done in history as a comparison
non-randomized concurrent controlled trial
Conducted at the same time but not on a random basis
May affect the accuracy of test results
randomized controlled trial
According to the principle of randomization, the test subjects were divided into Experimental group and control group
Classic methods for clinical trials
crossover design clinical trial
At the beginning of the experiment, it is divided into an experimental group and a control group. In the first stage of the study, the experimental group receives the interference of the research factors, and the control group receives the interference of the control factors.
After the first phase, the two groups exchanged interference content and entered the second phase of the research.
After the study is completed, compare the results of the experimental group and the control group in the two phases
sequential clinical trials
It is suitable for clinical patients to seek treatment one after another and can save sample size, but it can only be used in clinical trials that can quickly judge the effect.
clinical trial design
Choose research subjects
Estimate sample size
Typically a 10% increase in sample size is required
Set up a control group
positive control
Use standard methods or conventional methods as the control group, and use new methods or methods that need to be studied as the experimental group
negative control
In addition to the research factors of the experimental group, the methods used in the control group Other parts are the same as the experimental group
placebo
The preparations used were similar in shape, taste, and color to the interfering substances used in the experimental group.
Blank control
No measures are taken (violates the blinding method and is generally not used)
Other controls
Cross-reference, historical comparison, potential comparison
Randomized grouping
Completely randomized groups
Suitable for some major interfering factors in subjects A sample population that is relatively evenly distributed among
Block randomization grouping
According to the timing of subjects entering clinical trials, they are divided into Ten sections, and then randomly group each section
Suitable for clinical characteristics and based on the patient’s successive medical needs According to the situation, patients are divided into different areas according to the order of medical treatment. segments and then randomly assigned to each group, which can improve the research Study efficiency
stratified randomization
First, based on interfering factors or clinical characteristics of the subject Stratify and then randomize groups within each stratum
Suitable for uneven distribution of interference factors among subjects can eliminate the impact of interfering factors on prognosis
Determine intervention plan
Unified intervention plan Measures to ensure compliance
Avoid contamination and interference Pay attention to medical ethics issues
Blind trial
Single blind: only the experimenter knows the grouping, and the subjects Don’t know whether you belong to the experimental group or the control group
Double-blind: neither the experimenter nor the subjects know the results of the grouping It is the most commonly used blind method in clinical trials.
Not blinded: neither the experimenter nor the subject Everyone knows the grouping status of the trial
Determine clinical trial cycle
Fluoride anti-caries treatment should last for at least 2 years, usually 2 to 3 years
Periodontal disease preventive measures: Observation for 6 weeks to 18 months
Select evaluation indicators
Principles for selecting evaluation indicators
specificity
objectivity
Practicality
sensitivity
Repeatability
Commonly used evaluation indicators
Various rates, such as incidence, prevalence, and effectiveness
Various averages, such as caries mean Average number of caries areas and average number of sections
use
Observe clinical effects
Evaluate side effects on humans
Study the cause of disease
Caries prevention
Overview
Caries epidemiology
Caries loss index
Caries Common Index
Permanent tooth decay and filling index (DMFT)
Decayed and Filled Surface Index of Permanent Teeth (DMFS)
Deciduous tooth decay, loss and filling index (dmft)
Deciduous teeth caries, loss and filling surface index (dmfs)
formula
D: “Caries” refers to a tooth that has been decayed and has not yet been filled. M: "loss" refers to teeth lost due to caries F: “Filling” refers to teeth that have been filled due to caries
Number of tooth surfaces: The items are further subdivided, due to caries loss A front tooth has 4 sides and a back tooth has 5 sides
Note: Permanent teeth are represented by capital letters. Baby teeth are represented by lowercase letters
Current and new diseases
Precautions
People over 30 years old are no longer classified as caries Or tooth loss caused by periodontal disease?
The standard for tooth loss is: children under 9 years old Loss of deciduous teeth that should not have been lost is cavities
Caries Common Index
Average caries/average caries area
formula
Caries prevalence
formula
Precautions
among a certain group of people at a certain time Frequency of caries, often expressed as a percentage
Caries incidence
Most widely used in oral epidemiology
formula
Precautions
Caries incidence usually refers to at least one year Frequency of new caries occurrence in a population over time
Caries-free rate
Mainly used to indicate the oral health level and the results of preventive measures in a region
formula
Areas with high levels of water fluoride have lower rates of dental caries
Precautions
The proportion of people whose entire dentition is caries-free Percentage of all people examined
Formula root caries index
formula
Precautions
It is more common after gum recession and occurs at the root of the tooth. Surface caries and fillings due to root surface caries
Caries surface filling composition ratio
formula
Precautions
Refers to the total number of caries, tooth loss and filling surfaces of a group of people. The proportion of filled caries, usually expressed as a percentage
Epidemic characteristics and influencing factors of dental caries
Local distribution
Caries in industrialized countries are lower than those in developing countries
Low economic level→Carbohydrates influence the prevalence of dental caries
High economic level→ Oral hygiene affects the prevalence of dental caries
The World Health Organization defines dental caries prevalence levels Use the average caries average at 12 years of age as a measurement standard (memorize it by heart)
Caries average (DMFT)
0.0～1.1: Very low
1.2～2.:low
2.7～4.4: Medium
4.5～6.5: high
6.6 and above: Very high
Crowd distribution
age
The rate of dental caries increases rapidly around the age of 3 years old, and between the ages of 5 and 8 years old Caries rate in deciduous teeth reaches peak
Susceptible period for caries in permanent teeth between 12 and 15 years old
The prevalence of dental caries tends to stabilize after the age of 25
Caries incidence among the elderly after the age of 50 More serious
Note: Children’s teeth are in the mouth (rising straight up around 1 year old)
gender
The caries rate in deciduous teeth is slightly higher in men than in women
Caries rate in permanent teeth: slightly higher in women than in men
city, countryside
In developing countries, cities are higher than rural areas
Suburban counties with better socio-economic conditions Rural areas are higher than urban areas
nationality
The Yi nationality is the highest and the Hui nationality is the lowest.
Influencing factors
socioeconomic factors
Sugar intake, oral hygiene habits (most important factors)
Fluoride intake
Water fluorine concentration is 0.6~0.8 ppm, Lowest caries rate
eating habits
Sugar intake, frequency of intake and processed form
family influence
People susceptible to caries
Caries prediction and early diagnosis
Caries prediction
Prediction of susceptibility factors
Experience of caries in deciduous teeth
cariogenic microorganisms
Quantitative index prediction of the most important coccobacteria in risk factors for caries risk in 3-year-old children
saliva
Buffering capacity, flow rate (0.7~1 ml/min, higher below, lower above), salivary fluoride level
general health
social behavior
Caries activity test
Dentocult SM Trial (DSM)
to observe colonies per milliliter of saliva Forming units (CFU/ml) The number of Streptococcus mutans comes from Determine caries activity
Dentocule LB Test(DLB)
Mainly observe the number of Lactobacilli in saliva
Cariostat Test(Ca)
Detection of acid-producing bacteria in dental plaque The ability to produce acid
Interpretation of results
blue purple: -
green:
yellow-green:
yellow:
dangerous caries activity
Significant caries activity
Dentobuff Strip Test(S)
Understanding the buffering capacity of saliva (blue)
Resazurin paper method
Observe saliva using colorimetric methods The number of Streptococcus mutans
Interpretation of results
Paper Blue:-
Purple blue:
Reddish purple:
pink:
White:
Pink or above indicates active caries
Quantitative PCR method
Detection of subject saliva using quantitative PCR method Determination of caries activity by the number of Streptococcus mutans
Early diagnosis of caries
Routine clinical examination
Early caries on smooth surface
Smooth enamel surface Decalcification showing chalky spots
Early pit and fissure caries
Observe the blackening of the color and detect the roughness, which can preliminarily determine the caries.
Early proximal caries
Use a dental probe to feel the roughness and then assist in X-ray projection
Instrument testing
X-ray diagnosis
The diagnosis of early caries by X-ray is clinical Commonly used methods (especially for proximal caries)
laser fluorescence diagnostics
Laser fluorescence caries detector is currently Clinically versatile early caries diagnostic instrument
resistance method
Graded preventive measures and methods for caries
Tertiary prevention of caries
primary prevention
content
Oral health education
Control and eliminate risk factors
Example
Publicity and education, fluoride anti-caries measures Perform pit and fissure sealing and apply anti-caries paint
secondary prevention
content
Early detection, early diagnosis, early treatment
Example
Regular examinations, X-rays and other auxiliary diagnosis Early caries filling based on examination and diagnosis
Tertiary prevention
content
Prevent complications of caries
recovery function
Example
Treatment of dental pulp and periapical diseases caused by caries Endodontic treatment of diseased teeth
Repair defects in dental tissue and missing teeth
Caries prevention methods
plaque control
mechanical method
Brush teeth, use dental floss, interdental brush, interdental cleaner, rubber massager
chemical method
Chlorhexidine, chlorhexidine, biguanides
Other methods
Plant extraction method
Scutellaria baicalensis, Magnolia officinalis, gallnut, honeysuckle, three needles, Two-sided needle, Panax notoginseng, tea leaves
antibacterial plaque adhesion agent
Tea polyphenols, chitosan
alternative therapy
The defective strain replaces the wild strain
Immunization method
Anti-caries vaccine
Control sugar intake
Sucrose is the most cariogenic sugar
Control the frequency of sugar intake
Use sugar substitutes
Sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol
High sweetness substitute
Stevia
Low sweetness substitute
Sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, maltose
Enhance dental caries resistance
Enhance nutrition for pregnant women and infants Fluoride application, pit and fissure sealing
Get regular dental checkups
preschool children
Check once every 3 to 6 months
school-age children
Check once every 6 months
aldult
Check once every 6 to 12 months
susceptible
Shorten periodic inspection time
Fluoride and Dental Health
Sources and total intake of fluoride in humans
source
drink water
The main source of fluoride in the human body is drinking water. Accounts for approximately 65% of the human body’s fluorine sources
food
Daily intake of fluoride About 25% comes from food
Air
certain special environmental conditions Causes air fluorine pollution
total intake
The total fluoride intake per kilogram of body weight per day is preferably between 0.05 and 0.07 mg.
Systemic application of fluoride to prevent caries
Fluoridation of drinking water
Fluorine concentration is generally maintained at 0.7~1mg/L
Fluoride tablets
There are two types: 0.25 mg and 0.5 mg. The total dose of sodium fluoride each time does not exceed 120mg.
Fluoride drops
Suitable for children under 2 years old
Salt, milk fluoridation
Fluorine metabolism, absorption, distribution and excretion in human body
absorb
Absorption rate and extent
30 minutes is the half-absorption period Reach the peak within 30 to 60 minutes
Absorption mechanism and site
Fluoride absorption is a simple passive diffusion process
Food and other foods containing fluoride Fluorine absorption in products
Normally suck from food Contains about 80% fluorine
Factors affecting fluorine absorption
Oral and gastric pH effects rate of absorption
distributed
blood
75% of blood fluoride is found in plasma
milk
Fluoride crosses the placenta, which has only a partial barrier function
Soft tissue
Nail fluoride can be used as an indicator of receiving excessive fluoride
bones and teeth
saliva and plaque
excretion
kidney
main method
40~60%
Toxic effects of fluoride
5mgF/kg Possibly toxic dose
acute fluorosis
The main symptoms
Can cause death within 4 hours
First aid treatment principles
Inducing vomiting, gastric lavage, oral or intravenous calcium Sugar and fluid replenishment and symptomatic treatment
One of the simplest and easiest on-site rescue measures Give the patient a large amount of milk quickly
chronic fluorosis
Cause
Long-term excessive intake of fluoride
prevention
Find suitable water sources and take measures to remove fluoride from drinking water
Eliminate fluorine pollution from domestic coal
Prevent industrial fluorine pollution
Dental fluorosis
Clinical features
It usually occurs in permanent teeth and is rare in deciduous teeth.
If you move to a high-fluoride area after 6 to 7 years old, dental fluorosis will not occur.
Dental Fluorosis Index
Dean classification
Dental Fluorosis Prevention and Treatment
prevention
Do not consume excessive fluoride
treat
No substantial defects
Front teeth: destaining method
Back teeth: No treatment
There is a substantial defect
Anterior teeth: light-cured composite resin repair, severe cases include veneers and nail crowns
Back teeth: If the chewing function is affected, fillings or full metal crowns can be used to repair them.
Topical application of fluoride to prevent caries
Fluoride toothpaste
Fluoride rinse mouth
0.2%NaF(900mg/L) Solution is used once a week
0.05%NaF (230 mg/L) Solution is used once daily
Topical fluoride application
Fluorine paint
Fluoride gel
Others, fluorine foam, etc.
The anti-caries mechanism of fluoride
Fluoride interferes with glycogenolysis
Prevents the acid produced by cariogenic bacteria from metabolizing sugar
Affect tooth morphology
Changes in tooth morphology may indicate that proper fluoridation can enhance the resistance of teeth
Reduce enamel solubility and promote enamel remineralization
Effect on microorganisms
Inhibits enzymes involved in bacterial glycolysis and cellular oxidation
Inhibits bacterial access to glucose
Inhibit bacterial acid production
sealing of pits and fissures
Adaptations to pit and fissure sealants Indications and non-indications
Indications
Probes can be inserted or stuck
A tooth with the same name on the opposite side that has caries or is prone to caries
Tooth eruption within 4 years
off-label
There are no deep grooves or cracks on the pickup surface, and it has good self-cleaning effect.
Patients with more proximal caries lesions
The patient is uncooperative and unable to cooperate with normal operations
Teeth have not fully erupted and are covered by gums
closed pits and fissures best time
Primary molars are suitable for 3 to 4 years old
The first permanent molars are suitable for 6 to 7 years old
Bicuspids and second permanent molars are generally suitable for 12 to 13 years old
pit and fissure sealants Composition, type and characteristics
composition
Resin
Thinner
Reactive monomer to reduce resin viscosity
initiator
Divided into self-setting initiators and photo-curing initiators
type
Light curing
Visible light from 430 to 490 nm
Acid etchant
Acid etchant
30%~40% phosphoric acid
time
Permanent teeth - 30 seconds; deciduous teeth - 60 seconds
mechanism
A microporous structure is generated on the surface of tooth enamel, which is mechanically locked with the tooth enamel to form a complete resin-enamel interface.
Pit and fissure sealing procedures
Clean tooth surface
acid etching
Acid etched area: 2/3 of the cusp bevel
Etching time: 20 to 30 seconds for permanent teeth and 60 seconds for deciduous teeth
The acid-etched tooth surface has a white misty appearance (chalk color) after drying.
Note: During operation, make sure that the acid-etched tooth surface is not contaminated by saliva. Is the key to successful pit and fissure sealing
Rinse and dry
Apply sealer
solidify
Self-curing: Cures within 1 to 2 minutes after application
Light curing: The curing lamp is irradiated 1mm away from the tooth tip, and the time is 20 to 40
The irradiation area should exceed the coating range
examine
Understand the degree of curing, bonding conditions, and whether there are bubbles
clinical evaluation effect
Two indicators are often used: sealant retention rate and caries reduction rate.
Sealant retention rate = number of teeth retained by sealant/total number of teeth sealed *100%
Relative effective rate of caries reduction = (number of caries in the control group - number of caries in the experimental group) / number of caries in the control group * 100%
Actual effective rate = (number of caries in the control group - number of caries in the test group) / total number of sealed teeth * 100%
Preventive resin filling (PRR)
Features
Only remove diseased enamel or dentin in pits and fissures
Acid etching technology and resin material filling
Combination of pit and fissure sealing and pit and fissure caries filling
No traditional preventive scaling
Preserve more healthy tooth tissue and reduce the occurrence of leaks
Indications
Caries in pits and fissures can jam the probe
Deep pits and fissures are prone to caries
Fissures show signs of early caries and the enamel is cloudy or chalky.
According to range depth and filling material classification
Type A
It is necessary to use the smallest round drill to remove demineralized enamel and fill it with a sealant without fillers.
Type B
Use a small or medium-sized round drill to remove the carious tissue. The hole is basically deep within the enamel and is usually filled with dilute resin material.
Type C
Use a medium or larger round drill to remove the carious tissue. The depth of the hole has reached the dentin, so calcium hydroxide is needed as the base. The dentin is dipped in enamel adhesive and then filled with composite resin material from the posterior teeth.
non-traumatic restorative treatment
definition
Use hand instruments to remove carious tissue, and then use adhesive, New glass ionomer material with better pressure resistance and wear resistance fill cavities
No electric dental equipment required
Indications
Small to medium-sized cavities in permanent and deciduous teeth that can allow access by the smallest digger
No pulp exposure
No suspected pulpitis
insufficient
Filling micro leaks
The strength of glass ionomer materials
Periodontal disease prevention
periodontal health index
plaque index
Based on plaque thickness, not area
Inspection Method
Check the four tooth surfaces of each tooth, namely the mesial and buccal surfaces Median buccal surface, distal buccal surface and lingual surface
The score of each tooth is the sum of the scores of the four tooth surfaces divided by 4 The individual score is the sum of the scores for each tooth divided by the number of teeth examined
Scoring criteria
0, 1, 2, 3
community periodontal index
Inspection Method
CPI periodontal probe structure
The tip of the probe is a small ball with a diameter of 0.5 mm
Black area 3.5 to 5.5 mm from the top
There are two loop lines at 8.5 and 11.5 mm from the top
Check content
Gum bleeding, calculus and pocket depth
Full mouth 6 sections
17-14, 13-23, 24-27
47-44, 43-33, 34-37
index tooth
Over 20 years old
17-16, 11, 26
47-46, 31, 36-37
Under 20 years old Over 15 years old
16, 11, 26
46, 31, 36
WH0 regulations
There must be 2 or more functional teeth in each section
The inspection results of two functional teeth in each section are scored with the worst condition
The highest score among the six sections is used as the personal CPI score
Scoring criteria
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, X, 9
Scored response to treatment needs
1—— Oral health guidance
2 - Scaling, oral health guidance
3——Scaling and oral health guidance
4 – Complex periodontal treatment
Gum bleeding index
Scoring criteria
0=Gingiva does not bleed after probing
1=Bleeding gums visible after probing
gingival sulcus index
Inspection Method
Blunt periodontal probe examination
Do not check plaque index before checking bleeding index
Scoring criteria
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Simplified Oral Hygiene Index
Check parts
16,11,26,31 lips (buccal) surface, lingual surface of 36,46
Keep score
Simplified Soft Scale Index: Soft Scale Area
Simplified calculus index: calculus area
The soft plaque or tartar scores for each tooth surface are added and divided by the number of tooth surfaces. Simplified Oral Hygiene Index for Individuals
Soft scale DI-S:
0, 1, 2, 3
Tartar CI-S:
0, 1, 2, 3
Turesky modified Q-H plaque index
Inspection Method
Check the labial and lingual surfaces of all teeth except the third molars
You can also check only the six designated teeth That is 16, 21, 24, 36, 41, 44
First stain the plaque with plaque stain Then score according to the plaque area on the tooth surface
Scoring criteria
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Gingival index
Inspection Method
Examine the mesial labial (buccal) papilla and median lip of the teeth (buccal) margin, distal labial (buccal) papilla and lingual gingival margin
The score of each tooth is the average of the 4 tooth surface scores. Each person's score is the average score of all examined teeth.
Scoring criteria
0, 1, 2, 3
Graded prevention of periodontal disease
Tertiary prevention of periodontal disease
Primary prevention (no disease)
Oral health education and guidance
Brush, floss, and interdentally clean your teeth regularly
Oral examination and removal of bad restorations
Correct bad habits
adequate nutrition
Restore the normal color, shape and toughness of gum tissue
diet regulation
healthy living conditions
Secondary prevention (three mornings)
Early diagnosis and treatment prevent functional impairment
Regular X-ray examination
Treat periodontal abscess
In-bag scaling and root planing
Promote the treatment of early periodontal damage and eliminate periodontal pockets
Periodontal surgical treatment
Facilitates the treatment of all periodontal lesions
periodontal fixation
Treat other oral lesions related to periodontal disease
Balanced bite
Tertiary prevention (radical treatment of disease)
recovery
Repair lost alveolar ridges and missing teeth to improve appearance and function
Treat systemic diseases such as diabetes
Du District Periodontal Care
Level 1 (CL1)
Carry out to enhance periodontal health awareness and improve self- Community education programs for health information purposes
Oral Hygiene Guidance
Second level water (CL2)
To aid in self-care, i.e. to help individuals achieve a clean mouth Purpose: Use mechanical methods (brushing teeth) and chemical methods (including Chlorhexidine toothpaste, etc.) to remove plaque and calculus
Level 3 (CL3)
Care for moderate periodontal problems, including levels 1 and 2, plus supervision, screening and treatment
Removal of subgingival plaque and calculus is the basis for further treatment
Level 4 (CL4)
The indicator of complex treatment is periodontal pockets of 6mm or above, including various periodontal surgeries including root planing, focusing on the younger age group.
The main purpose of emergency treatment is to relieve pain. Commonly used measures are subgingival scaling, incision and drainage, drug treatment and tooth extraction.
plaque control
Plaque revealing agent
Color development method: Apply the stain to the tooth surface and leave it for 1 minute
Common plaque stains
Basic magenta, algal red, tartrazine, malachite green
mechanical control
Just brush your teeth
Only 50% of plaque can be eliminated, and it is difficult to eliminate adjacent plaque.
dental floss
Eliminate adjacent plaque
toothpick
Used for receding gingival papillae or enlarging the interdental space after periodontal treatment
Instructions
Insert the toothpick into the gap between the teeth at a 45° angle
interdental brush
Suitable for interproximal areas with lost gingival papillae, exposed root furcations and unevenly arranged tooth surfaces
supragingival scaling
hand instruments
Improved pen holding style, the blade and tooth surface are at 80°
Ultrasonic scaling
The working head gently contacts the tooth surface at 15°
root planing
Not to be used on healthy periodontal sites
Clinical assessment of plaque control
Plaque index below 20% - plaque is basically under control
Plaque index below 10% - well controlled
chemical control
Chlorhexidine (Chlorhexidine)
concentration
0.12% or 0.5% 2 times a day 10ml each time, 1 minute each time
side effect
Staining; bitter taste; irritating effect
Metronidazole (Metronidazole)
Tinidazole
antibiotic
other drugs
phenolic compounds
Quaternary ammonium compounds
sanguinarine
Stannous fluoride
Triclosan
Self-Oral Health Care Methods
gargle
Mouthwash Types and Applications
type
Anti-caries effect
0.05%～0.2% sodium fluoride rinse
Antibacterial effect
Contains essential oils, triclosan Tea polyphenols, cetylpyridinium chloride
analgesic effect
Contains essential oils, triclosan Tea polyphenols, cetylpyridinium chloride
Whitening effect
Contains hydrogen peroxide
application
Mouthwash time
Rinse for 1 minute
Dosage per time
5～10 ml
interdental cleaning
toothpick
Used for gum recession and root surface exposure Exposure and areas with large interproximal gaps
dental floss
For cleaning of interproximal space and gingival papilla, Best for flat or convex tooth surfaces
interdental brush
Single-bundle brush for cleaning proximal plaque
Electric dental rinser
Chew and massage gums
chew
Function: physiological stimulation; oral cleaning
gum massage
chewing gum
brush teeth
toothpaste
Basic ingredients and functions
Friction agent (up to)
effect
tooth surface cleaning, removal
Representative raw materials
Calcium carbonate, calcium pyrophosphate, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, insoluble sodium metaphosphate, hydrated alumina, silica, silicate, etc.
Detergent (foaming agent or surfactant)
effect
Improve cleaning effect, Soak and loosen tooth surface attachments
Representative raw materials
Soap, Sodium N-Laurenate, Coconut Monoic Acid Sodium glyceryl sulfonate; sodium lauryl sulfate, etc.
D
effect
Moisturizing, anti-dehydration, delayed drying
Representative raw materials
Glycerin (glycerol), sorbitol and propanediol
adhesive
effect
Prevents separation of solid and liquid components
Representative raw materials
Carboxymethylcellulose, alginate
preservative
effect
Prevent bacterial growth
Representative raw materials
Ethanol, Triclosan
sweetener
effect
Improve taste and taste
Representative raw materials
Sorbitol
water
Effective toothpaste
Fluoride toothpaste
Anti-dentin sensitivity toothpaste
Contains strontium chloride and silver nitrate
whitening toothpaste
The active ingredient is oxidant
To brush teeth Precautions
At least 2 times a day, at least 2 minutes each time, in a certain order, covering everything
Difficult areas to brush
Proximal surface (distal to the last tooth)
When brushing your teeth with your right hand, ignore the upper and lower jaws The right canine and lateral incisor (opposite for the left hand)
How to brush your teeth
Improved Bass brushing method
The most common method of brushing teeth
Arc brushing method Fones brushing method
Easiest to be learned and understood by young children
toothbrush
Ordinary toothbrush
Small brush head, high quality nylon filament
The bristles are reasonably arranged: 10 to 12 bundles long and 3 to 4 rows wide
The diameter of each bristle does not exceed 0.2 mm
wavy brush surface
special toothbrush
Finger toothbrush, electric toothbrush, interdental brush
Toothbrush storage
Ventilate, dry, brush head upward Change your toothbrush at least every three months
Prevention of other common oral diseases
Oral Cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common
Tongue cancer, buccal mucosa cancer, gum cancer, and palate cancer are the most common in my country
Flow characteristics
Regional distribution: Southeast Asia has a high incidence rate
Age distribution: 40 to 60 years old is the highest incidence period
Gender distribution: Male to female 2:1
risk factors (Vitamin A related)
Bad living habits
Smoking is twice as likely to cause cancer as a non-smoker
Smoking 10~19 cigarettes per day, 6 times
7.7 times more than 20 pieces
12.4 times more than 40 pieces
Chewing betel nut (cheek cancer, 7 times)
Drinking: More than 21 drinks per week, 3 drinks per day is a risk of not drinking 11.6
envirnmental factor
optical radiation
Wavelength 320~400nm, skin cancer, Most commonly occurs on the lower lip
There are twice as many farmers as urban residents
nuclear radiation
Common in leukemia and lymphoma After tumor radiotherapy
mucoepidermoid carcinoma
salivary gland cancer
biological factors
Oral infections and local irritation
Viruses and Syphilis
prevention methods
Oral health education and oral health promotion
Control risk factors
Quit smoking, drinking, betel nut chewing and other bad habits
Pay attention to protection against light radiation
Avoid overheating meals
Avoid adverse oral irritation, adjust the sharp teeth of molars in time; avoid repeated biting of cheeks and tongue
warning sign
Ulcers in the mouth that have not healed for more than 2 weeks
White, red and dark spots on the oral mucosa
Abnormal swelling and swollen lymph nodes in the mouth and neck
Recurrent oral bleeding with unknown cause
Unexplained numbness and pain in the face, mouth, pharynx, and neck
Regular dental check-ups
Regular dental check-ups
If the cancer is less than 2cm, the 5-year survival rate can be doubled.
For cancers less than 1cm, the 5-year survival rate can be increased by 3 times
For long-term smokers over 40 years old Those who smoke more than 20 cigarettes/day and those who drink alcohol and chew betel nut Oral examinations should be carried out regularly
self-check method
Symmetry of head and neck, fingers touching face, neck, upper and lower lips Gums and cheeks, tongue and floor of mouth and palate
acid erosion
Definition: acid or acid that comes into contact with the tooth surface without the involvement of bacteria A chronic, chronic disease caused by the chemical erosion of its chelates Pathological loss of dental hard tissue
risk factors
Carbonated drinks
especially teenagers
career related Acidic substances
Industrial acid corrosion, hydrochloric acid Sulfuric acid and nitric acid are dangerous to teeth The three most harmful acids
Acidic drugs
Such as iron supplements, chewable vitamin C, chewable aspirin and achlorhydria Alternative hydrochloric acid and other drugs used by patients
Stomach acid
Stomach disease, long-term acid reflux, vomiting and chronic Gastritis and regurgitation in alcoholics
prevention
Strengthen oral health education
Treating conditions that can cause dental erosion
Reduce the erosion of teeth caused by acid in the diet
Avoid contact with acids in acidic environments
Enhance teeth's resistance to acid
Change bad eating habits and oral hygiene habits
Tooth trauma
trauma
Trauma to permanent teeth
The most common type is enamel fracture or enamel and Simple crown fracture with dentine fracture without pulp exposure
Trauma to deciduous teeth
The most common type is subluxation
The best teeth to develop are the maxillary central incisors, followed by the maxillary lateral incisors or the mandibular central incisors.
tooth shifting
embedded dislocation
partial dislocation
complete dislocation
tooth preservation
Normal saline, others such as blood, Tissue culture, milk and saliva
Storage conditions and length of time are keys to the success of dental reimplantation
Clean the affected tooth
Clean with saline and avoid scraping the tooth surface
Clean the alveolar socket
Rinse with normal saline to remove foreign matter and dirt
Implantation of affected tooth
Use minimal force to prevent damage to the dental pulp and periodontal ligament
Fixed tooth
Sutures are used to fix the whole mouth, and later a full dentition pad will be used to facilitate re-implantation of teeth.
The fixed time is 2 to 3 weeks.
antibiotic application
Oral antibiotics for one week after reimplantation
Endodontic treatment
Complete root canal treatment within 2 weeks, using calcium hydroxide as medicine
Regular review
Review once a week within a month Review once a month within six months Observe tooth root healing
Handling precautions
The permanent tooth germ below the deciduous tooth, consider whether the affected tooth should be retained or extracted
When the deciduous teeth are embedded, they will affect the germs of the permanent teeth and must be removed immediately.
When the deciduous teeth are embedded, the permanent tooth germs will not be affected and should not be pulled out for reset.
All deciduous teeth have been extruded and no longer need to be replanted
Teeth with dental shock may develop dental pulp in the long term Necrosis, check regularly, and remove it immediately if infected
If a young child is uncooperative and unable to complete treatment, the traumatic tooth can be extracted
risk factors
fall, collision
traffic accident injuries
Sports Injury
Violence
behavioral factors
prevention
Enhance health awareness
environmental protection
Mouthguard
Oral health education and oral health promotion
Oral health promotion (Assistant does not take the exam)
definition
Refers to improving the environment to make it suitable for protecting oral health or improving behavior Good for oral health
administrative intervention
financial support
Organizational guarantee
specific measure
Fluoridated water, fluoride toothpaste Pit and fissure sealing, sugar control foods, sugar substitute foods
composition
Oral health education
Oral disease prevention
Oral health protection
way
universal approach
Common risk factor control approaches
Pathways for high-risk groups
Task
Develop risk factor prevention policies
Develop effective policies with commitment from relevant departments
Strengthen cooperation at home and abroad and between departments at all levels
Coordinating government actions in oral health promotion actions of social groups and individuals
Organize community oral health promotion demonstration projects
Formulated by WHO in 1981 oral health standards
Clean teeth, no cavities, no pain
The gum color is normal and there is no bleeding.
Oral health education
Task
Improve the knowledge level of oral preventive health care among social groups
Deepen oral health education content
Arouse the attention of all members of society to oral health issues
Enlist the support of administrative leaders at all levels and health administrative leaders
Deliver the latest scientific information
method
mass media
community activity
small seminar
individual conversation
evaluate
Changes in Oral Health Awareness
Changes in oral health knowledge
Changes in attitudes toward oral health issues
Changes in oral health behaviors
Oral health care for specific populations
pregnant women
Focus on primary prevention
First 3 months: Oral treatment is limited to emergencies and X-ray exposure is avoided
4~6 months: the appropriate period for treating oral diseases (photographs must be protected)
After 3 months: Oral treatment should be avoided as much as possible, and conservative treatment should be given priority
For emergency treatment, choose drugs that do not contain vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine.
No teratogenic drugs for 12 weeks
Infancy (4 weeks ~ 1 year old)
Keep your mouth clean (fingertip toothbrush for 6 months)
First oral examination: within 6 months after the first baby tooth erupts
From 19 to 31 months, it can change from maternal transmission to chain infection, which is called the infection window period.
Early childhood (1 ~ 3 years old)
Develop good oral hygiene habits
After 2 years old, tend to brush teeth by oneself
Children 3 years old and above should brush their teeth with children's fluoride toothpaste. Use a “pea” sized amount at a time
Develop good eating habits
Stop bottle feeding and night feeding after 1 year old
Appropriate fluoride supplementation
Regular examination and treatment of caries in primary teeth
Routine oral examination should be performed every six months after 1 year old
Prevent trauma to deciduous teeth (most common between 1.5 and 2.5 years old)
school-age children
Develop good oral hygiene habits
Help brush teeth between 3 and 6 years old
Over 6 years old, urged to brush teeth in the morning and evening
Prompt treatment of caries in deciduous teeth
Protect the first permanent molars (the most important)
6 months after full emergence Internal pit and fissure sealing
Get rid of bad oral habits (over 3 years old should see a doctor)
Actively prevent and treat malocclusion
Aggressive treatment of gingivitis (hormones)
Prevent dental trauma (7~9 years old)
Seniors (over 60 years old)
Improve self-oral health care ability
Pay attention to personal oral hygiene
Regular dental check-ups
Oral examination is best done once every six months or at least once a year
Timely repair of gum recession and root caries on missing teeth
Community Oral Health
Features
health-centered
Target the crowd
family as a unit
Focus on primary health care
Provide comprehensive services
Provide coordination services
Provide accessibility services
elements
There is a relatively fixed group of people
There is a certain geographical scope
Have necessary living service facilities
Unique cultural background, lifestyle and identity
Corresponding living systems and management institutions
Task
Improve the oral health level of the population and improve the quality of life
Provide basic oral hygiene services To meet the growing needs of community residents for oral health services
Create an oral health community
Ensure implementation of regional health plans
Improve the functions of community oral health service institutions
The basic principle
Adhere to the purpose of serving community residents
Adhere to government leadership
Adhere to prevention first
Adhere to the guidance of regional health plans
Adhere to adapting measures to local conditions
content
Community oral health education
Community oral prevention
Community dental care
Community Oral Health
Community Oral Rehabilitation
Community oral health information management
Infection and Control in Oral Healthcare
Oral hospital-borne infections and transmission
Infections in oral healthcare
Contact transmission (hepatitis B, C, D, gonorrhea, syphilis, AIDS, Herpes simplex, platinum pyogenes, tetanus)
Airborne transmission (chickenpox, rubella, Mumps influenza adenovirus, tuberculosis streptococci)
disease
AIDS
direct and indirect transmission
Intraoral manifestations
Oral candidiasis
Oral hairy leukoplakia
Kaposi's sarcoma
non-hodgkin lymphoma
Hepatitis B
Sterilization characteristics
5 minutes at 95℃
contact spread (disease-oral-medicine)
Skin contact can occur through blood and blood products, contaminated needles and other instruments
Non-cutaneous infection through an intact (uncompromised) barrier
Indirect infection in treating HBV patients Later, infection due to environmental pollution
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
airborne
present in phlegm
syphilis
Contact with infected people or blood
Stage 1: Lip induration and ulceration
Phase II: "Mucosal Spots"
Stage III: Palate necrosis and perforation
Sterilization characteristics
Treponema pallidum grows outside the body It has a short storage time and is easily killed by disinfectants.
spread of infection
Source of infection
patients and carriers of pathogens
polluted environment
Contaminated dental medical instruments
way for spreading
contact spread
direct contact
Direct transmission of blood or other blood-contaminated body fluids
indirect contact
Transmission through contact with contaminated items, often on the hands of medical staff
droplet spread
Droplet nuclei (>5 microns) containing pathogenic microorganisms, Move susceptible in the air over short distances (within 1 meter) Transmission caused by the upper respiratory tract of the crowd
airborne
Refers to microparticles carrying pathogenic microorganisms (≤5 microns) through air flow cause disease spread
Susceptible groups
People who lack immunity to a certain disease or infectious disease
Infection control measures and methods
Environmental protection
environmental zoning
Oral diagnosis and treatment area
Cleaning area
polluted area
Instrument handling area
Recycling and cleaning area (contaminated area)
Maintenance and packaging area
Sterilization area
Item storage area
Barrier protection area
Clear plastic sheets cover treatment rooms often Contact areas that are difficult to disinfect
Such as: treatment table, control panel, cabinet drawer handle Light-fixed machine body handle, headrest, three-purpose gun, rubber tube
Environmental disinfection
air disinfection
Ozone disinfection
Concentration: 20mg/m² Disinfection time>=30 minutes
UV disinfection irradiation time should be greater than 30 minutes
Chemical disinfectants or Chinese herbal disinfectants spray or fumigation disinfection method
Floor disinfection
When there is no obvious pollution on the ground Wet cleaning can be done with clean water, 1 to 2 times a day.
When the ground is contaminated by pathogenic bacteria Mop or spray the floor with a disinfectant containing 500mg/L of effective chlorine or a 0.2% peracetic acid solution
Wall disinfection
Patient examination and evaluation
Take medical history
social history
Oral soft tissue examination
Protection of medical personnel
Establish awareness of occupational safety protection
Vaccination: Female doctor specializes in preventing rubella virus to prevent miscarriage
Basic requirements for the use of personal protective equipment to control infection
Practice hand hygiene
Safe use of sharp instruments
patient protection
Before treatment
Brush teeth and rinse mouth
Under treatment
Eye mask, bra, denture cup, Do not come into contact with instruments and isolated teeth, Weak suction, rubber dam
After treatment
Rinse and suck saliva, gauze doctor takes, Don't vomit randomly, throw away the bra to avoid Patients take contaminants out of the clinic
Medical waste disposal
Approach (The waste in the container cannot exceed 2/3)
black bag
Domestic waste
yellow bag
Remove sharp items and medical waste
red bag
radioactive waste
sharp damage waste
Place in special sharps container
Cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of oral instruments and equipment
Oral device classification
Highly dangerous equipment
Various oral instruments that come into contact with the patient's oral wounds, blood, damaged mucosa, enter the sterile oral tissue, or penetrate the oral soft tissue and enter the bone tissue or teeth.
Moderately hazardous equipment
Only contact with intact mucous membranes or broken skin
Oral instruments that do not enter sterile tissues and organs
low risk equipment
No contact with the patient’s mouth or indirect contact with the patient’s mouth
Sterilize
Kill all pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms, including spores, on items to achieve sterility
Routine use of sterilization
Pressure steam sterilization
The current preferred and most effective sterilization method in the dental field
High pressure steam sterilization (Above 132℃)
suitable
General equipment, cloth, gauze, cotton and rubber
Not suitable
Gelatin sponge, Vaseline, grease, liquid paraffin and various powders, etc.
Dry heat disinfection and sterilization
suitable
Glass, ceramic and other gelatin sponges, petroleum jelly, grease, liquid paraffin and Various powders
Not suitable
Cotton fabrics, synthetic fibers, plastics and Rubber products, etc.
Ethylene oxide gas sterilization
Ethylene oxide sterilization system
Low temperature hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilization system
Sterilization effect monitoring
process monitoring
Chemical indicator monitoring
Biological indicator monitoring
disinfect
Remove or kill pathogenic microorganisms on items and treat them harmlessly
Classification according to disinfection level
Highly effective disinfection method
effect
Disinfection method that can kill all pathogenic microorganisms It also has a certain killing effect on spores
Common methods
UV rays, chlorine disinfectants, ozone
Medium effective disinfection method
effect
Can kill and remove bacteria other than spores Disinfection methods for various pathogenic microorganisms
Common methods
Ultrasonic, iodine disinfectants Alcohol and phenolic disinfectants
Inefficient disinfection methods
effect
Can only kill bacterial propagules lipophilic Chemical disinfectants and ventilation for viruses Mechanical sterilization methods such as diffuse air flushing
Common methods
Chlorhexidine, Chinese herbal disinfectants and Mercury, silver, copper and other metal ions are eliminated Poison (potassium hydroxide is commonly used)
Classification based on disinfection principles
Physical disinfection method
chemical disinfection
Comprehensive disinfection method
Clean and dry
Clean
dry
Metal drying temperature
70～90°C
Plastic drying temperature
65～75°C