"Mental models are the tools in your brain that you use to understand the world. The more tools you have, the better your problem-solving abilities become." Mental models are the product of experience, which help us simplify the complex world and enable us to better understand and predict the laws of things. Through different thinking models, we can look at problems from different angles and gain a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the nature of the problem. Borrowing models is the key to understanding the world, solving problems, and thinking innovatively efficiently and concisely.

1Learning ability: learning pyramid, Feynman technique, deliberate practice, RIA reading method, 80/20 rule 2Thinking ability: 5W1H analysis method, mind map, SWOT analysis, 10/10/10 method 3 Story power: five elements of story, SCQA model, SRAR model, STORY model, “heroic clan” model 4 Design Power: Design Thinking, Minimum Reliability Product, Peak-End Law, AARRR Funnel Principle, Addiction Model 5 Creativity: six thinking hats, brainstorming, reverse thinking, analogy thinking, SCAMPER innovative thinking 6 Empathy: Five Circles Model, Effective Listening Model, Emotional ABC Model, Tianmian Jiagui Confrontation 7 Integration power: leverage thinking, POA action, system thinking, integrated thinking model, multiple thinking model 8 Leadership: leadership echelon, situational strength model, GROW coaching model, management 4C model, TOPIC model

Using different learning methods, how much content can learners still remember after two weeks (average learning retention rate). Passive learning: narration 5%, reading 10%, speech-graphics 20%, demonstration 30%, Active learning: 50% group discussion, 75% practical exercises, 90% immediate use, 100% teaching others According to this model, any learning effect below 30% is personal learning or passive learning; The learning effects above 50% are all team learning, active learning and participatory learning. When to use: When you need to learn new knowledge and skills, you can refer to this model to find the most effective learning method.

Concept: Choose a concept to learn Teach: Try to teach concepts to others Review: If you find a problem, go back and continue learning. Simplify: simplify language expression Model introduction: Known as "the most powerful learning method in history", its core is to teach yourself to learn by teaching others. This is also the most efficient way in the "learning pyramid" When to use it: When you want to thoroughly master some new knowledge, you can use the Feynman technique to practice

Split exercises, focus on input, timely feedback, think about corrections Model introduction: Deliberate practice is an effective training method to improve skills and abilities. Its characteristics are-only practice in the "learning area", a large number of repeated training, high concentration, and continuous effective feedback. When to use: When you want to improve a certain skill or ability in a targeted manner, you can use deliberate practice for effective training.

Reading reading book fragments Interpretation Restate knowledge in your own words Appropriation Describe your relevant experience How to use Appropriation in the future Model introduction: The core is to dismantle the knowledge in the book to achieve the purpose of applying what you have learned. When to use: When you want to improve your reading more efficiently, you can arrange reading activities according to the RIA steps.

In any group of things, the most important ones account for only a small part, about 20%, and the remaining 80%, although they are the majority, are secondary The 80-20 rule can also be used in the field of learning. Mastering 20% ​​of the core content can solve 80% of the problems. When to use it: When you want to master a skill quickly, you can focus on the most critical 20% of the core content.

Draw three circles for thinking and understanding problems-what, how, and why The outermost layer, Why: why you do something, goals and beliefs The middle layer, How: How to do it, is the way to achieve the goal The innermost layer, What: the appearance of things, the specific actions implemented Popular model: from outside to inside, from clear to blurry Extraordinary mode: from the inside out, from blur to clarity When to use: When you are thinking about a problem, you can use the golden circle rule to explore the essence of things from the inside out and find the fundamental solution to the problem.

5W1H analysis method is a practical thinking method. It refers to asking questions and thinking about the selected object from six aspects: why (why), object (what), place (where), time (when), person (who), and method (how). At the same time, it is also a great way to brainstorm and can be applied to any problem. When to use it: When you face a complex problem, you can make a comprehensive analysis from each aspect of 5W1H

Model introduction Mind map is a visual tool to express the thinking of the institute. It uses a central keyword or idea to connect all representative words, ideas, tasks or other related items in a radiating line diagram. The process of gradually subdividing the subject drawn in the center helps everyone to thoroughly analyze a subject from different angles. Not only that, if you draw everything on one piece of paper, you can see the big picture and notice the connections between the information. When to use When you need to think about something comprehensively, you can use a mind map to draw out the relevant elements and analyze them one by one.

Internal environment x external environment: strength, weakness, opportunity, threat It is a strategic analysis tool. Individuals can also use the SWOT template to analyze their own strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats of the external environment in order to find the direction of action. When to use You can use it when you need to take stock of your skills, strengths and weaknesses, and your surrounding environment (such as job hunting).

Model introduction How will I feel about this decision in 10 minutes? How will I feel about this decision in 10 months? How will I feel about this decision in 10 years? The 10/10/10 rule comes from Warren Buffett, the stock god, and it can help us make wise choices with a long-term perspective. Just remember three questions to use this rule: How will I feel about this decision in 10 minutes, 10 months, and 10 years from now? When to use When you need to consider the long-term impact of a decision, ask yourself the above 3 questions.

White hat--the facts of the problem Cuckold-putting forward various hypotheses Yellow hat--evaluate the merits of suggestions Black Hat - List the shortcomings of suggestions Red hat - making intuitive judgments Blue hat--summary and final decision It is a model for thinking about the problem comprehensively. It provides tools for "parallel thinking" to avoid wasting time arguing with each other. The emphasis is on "what can be" rather than "what it is". It is about seeking a way forward rather than arguing about who is right and who is wrong. When to use When conducting team meetings, you can use thinking hats of different colors in sequence (thinking in a certain way) to make the meeting clearer

This method mainly involves members of the value engineering working group, in a normal and harmonious atmosphere without any restrictions, conducting discussions and discussions in the form of meetings, breaking conventions, thinking actively, and expressing their opinions freely. When to use When a certain problem requires more creative and innovative solutions, you can organize members to have a hearty brainstorming session.

Model introduction Reverse thinking, also called alternative thinking, is a way of thinking in reverse about common things or opinions that seem to have become a foregone conclusion. Dare to "think the opposite way", let your thinking develop in the opposite direction, and explore deeply from the opposite side of the problem to establish new ideas and create new images. When to use When you find it difficult to continue thinking forward about a problem, you can take the unconventional route and use reverse thinking.

Analogy: rain v water, sun v light.... Model introduction: Based on the comparison between two things with the same or similar characteristics, the thinking activity is to infer from certain known characteristics of one thing that the corresponding characteristics of another thing also exist. It is an analysis and comparison between two special things. It does not need to be based on analyzing and studying a large number of special things and discovering their general laws. When to use When you are thinking about new ideas, you can try to use analogies from other unrelated fields to find new inspiration.

design thinking Empathetic thinking, requirement definition, creative conception i, prototype implementation, actual testing Model introduction Design thinking is a human-centered problem-solving methodology that starts from human needs, seeks innovative solutions from multiple angles, and creates more possibilities. Stanford School of Design teaches that design thinking is divided into five steps: empathy, define requirements, ideate, prototype implementation, and test. When to use When you need to solve a problem for a specific group of people, you can use design thinking to find innovative solutions.

Model introduction SCAMPER is an innovative thinking method often used to improve existing products, services or business models. Contains seven entry points: replacement, merger, transformation, adjustment, reuse, removal, reverse. The 7 points help to test whether there are better new ideas to improve the current situation. When to use When you need to improve an existing product, service or business model, think with SCAMPER

Model introduction The concept of Minimum Viable Product (MVP) was proposed by Eric Ries in "Lean Startup in Action". It refers to the fastest and clearest way to build a usable product prototype and push it to the market. , test whether users like the product, and then iterate and improve the details. Using the MVP model, we can trial and error at low cost and continuously iterate single products. When to use When you are faced with multiple choices, you can build an MVP (minimum viable solution), reduce the cost of trial and error, and make the right decision.

Model introduction Peaking was proposed by American psychologist Daniel Kalman. After in-depth research, he found that people's feelings about an experience depend on two moments: the peak (the best or worst moment) and the end. The peak-end law is widely used in design. When to use When you need to design or optimize user experience, you can refer to the peak-end law to find areas that can be optimized.

Acquisition, how do users find you? Motivate users, activation, is there a good first experience? Retention, will users come back? Revenue generation, revenue, how do you make money? Recommend, refer, will the user recommend it to others? Model introduction Proposed by Dave McClure, the founder of the famous American venture capital institution, it consists of five stages: acquisition, activation, retention, revenue, and referral, showing the user full life cycle. The core ideas of the AARRR model can also be applied to areas such as learning personal growth. When to use You can refer to this model when you think about the full user life cycle of a product.

External trigger: giving/interpersonal/reciprocal/self-occupied Internal triggers: emotions/content/data/reputation/skills/followers Trigger trigger→action→changeable reward→investment. The cycle continues until you become addicted. Motive: pursuit of happiness/hope/identity Ability: Time/Money/Physical Strength/Brain Power/Social Deviation/Unconventionality Social rewards: recognition/interpersonal rewards Reward of prey: pursuit of resources/information/money Self-reward: sense of control/sense of achievement/sense of trust Model introduction The addiction model, also known as the HOOK model, was proposed by Nir Eyal and Ryan Hoover in the book "Addicted". Its essence is to design a set of behavioral models that allow users to continuously cycle, that is, "trigger one action and multiple changes." "Reward once invested" allows users to become addicted to the product unknowingly and become loyal users. When to use When you want to design a product that is addictive, it is recommended to apply the addiction model

Perception, role, resource, ability, existence Model introduction If you want to understand a person deeply, you can think about it from five circles, from outside to inside, layer by layer. Perceptual layer: that is, appearance, appearance Role framework layer: His/her career and other social roles Resource structure: including wealth, connections and spiritual wealth Circle of competence: that is, a person’s abilities Sense of existence: It is the core of a person, how he perceives his own existence When to use When you want to understand a person in depth, you can understand him better in each circle.

Smile, open attitude, lean forward, make eye contact, nod If you want to listen effectively, you can use the SOFEN technique, which consists of 5 steps Smile: smile Open posture: open posture Forward lean: lean forward Eye communication: eye contact Nod: nod When to use When someone talks to you, use the SOFEN technique to let the other person feel that you are listening carefully.

Antecedent A: →Belief B1/Belief B2→Result C1/Result C2. Conclusion: Things themselves cannot affect people, people are only affected by their views on things. Model introduction The emotional ABC model was created by American psychologist Ellis, in which A (Antecedent) refers to the antecedent of the event and C (Consequence) refers to the consequence of the event. From cause to effect, there must be a bridge B (Bridge), which is our belief and evaluation of the situation. Under the same situation (A), different people have different concepts, evaluations and interpretations (B1 and B2), so they will get different results (C1 and C2) When to use When you are affected by something and have negative emotions, use this model to find out whether there is a problem with your beliefs?

I know/I don’t know; You know/You don’t know, divided into the following 4 windows Public area/Private hidden area/Blind blind area/Potential closed area Model introduction The Johari Window is a communication technique and theory proposed by Joseph and Harry. Window theory compares interpersonal communication information to a window, which is divided into four areas: open area, hidden area, blind area, and unknown area. Effective communication among people is the organic integration of these four areas. Really effective communication can only take place in the open area, but communication often falls into the hidden area, resulting in poor communication results. When to use When you have difficulty communicating with others, be careful whether you have entered the hidden area, adjust in time, and return to the public area.

Skills: The ability to complete a certain job or task Knowledge: knowledge of a particular field Role positioning: expectations about the career, that is, what you want to do Values: Value orientation towards the right and wrong, importance, necessity, etc. of things Self-awareness: knowledge and opinions about oneself Quality: Consistent, sustained and stable behavioral characteristics Motivation: the natural and ongoing inner thoughts and preferences that drive, guide and determine personal actions American psychologist McClelland proposed that the different manifestations of individual qualities of personnel are divided into superficial "parts above the iceberg" and deep "parts below the iceberg". When to use It is also commonly used in recruitment when you want to get to know yourself or others better.

A good story = basic elements {conflict [desire obstacle], action [ending]} additional elements {emotion display} Model introduction: A good story needs to include three basic elements: conflict, action, and ending, and two additional elements: emotion and display. Among them, emotion can establish a connection with the audience, and display can make them immersed in the scene. When to use When you want a good story about ginger vinegar, you can refer to the five elements for story conception.

Situation→Complication→Question→Answer Model introduction The SCQA model is a structured expression tool proposed by McKinsey consultant Barbara Minto in "The Pyramid Principle" and consists of four parts. S (Situation) Scenario 1 is introduced by situations and facts that everyone is familiar with. C (Complication) Conflict The actual situation often conflicts with our requirements Q (Question) What should I do if I have a question? A (Answer) Our solution is When to use You can apply this model when you are asked to speak on the spot and need to quickly organize language content.

situation situation - task task - action action - result result Model introduction The STAR model is the simplest story method. It contains four parts S (Situation) Situation - the circumstances under which something happened T (Task) Task 1: What specific tasks do you have? A (Action) What action did you take in response to this situation? R (Result) What was the result and what did you learn? When to use When you want to tell a story, use the STAR model to come up with the simplest version. The STAR rule is widely used when writing resumes and answering situational interview questions.

Model introduction The STORY model is a story evaluation criterion in which A good story must meet five points: clear structure Completed within the constrained time (time) Opinion reality Being able to resonate with feelings (yearning) When to use When you need to evaluate a story, you can refer to this model to give a systematic evaluation.

Ordinary world: The hero lives in the ordinary world → he was called by fate, but he refused → he met the guidance of his life mentor → he decided to face the challenge → Extraordinary world: accept various trials→explore to the deepest place→encounter the greatest challenge, on the line of life and death→achieve victory→return with treasures→start a new life→answer the doubts in life→sublimate in the ordinary Model introduction The hero's journey model was proposed by mythology master Campbell and includes: 1 journey 2Two worlds: ordinary and extraordinary 3 Three Act Drama: Departure, Enlightenment, Return 4Twelve components (reference model) Fragments of this model can be seen in almost all Hollywood blockbusters When to use You can refer to it when you want to create a story with a long and ups and downs plot.

Highest: CEO Stage Six: Managing Executives Stage 5: Managing business units/divisions Stage 4 Management Department Stage Three: Managing Managers Stage 2: Managing others Stage 1: Manage yourself Model introduction: From the book "The Leadership Echelon", it outlines the six stages of leadership development that need to be experienced in large companies to grow from employees to CEOs. When to use In the process of career development, you can find the gap corresponding to your current situation and subordinate goals, and focus on improvement.

Model introduction According to the level of "confidence" and "ability", it can be divided into 4 stages D4 Able, willing and confident D3 Able, unwilling, or uneasy D2 Inability, willingness, or confidence D1 Inability, willingness, or confidence According to situational leadership theory, the growth process of employees can be divided into 4 stages according to the level of "confidence" and "ability". Therefore, leaders should also adopt 4 different leadership models, namely guidance, coaching, support, Authorization The three major skills of situational leadership are: restraining the leadership form, establishing a partnership with subordinates, and agreeing with subordinates on the leadership form they need. When to use When you face subordinates at different stages, you can adopt different leadership models based on this model

Coaching methods can help employees grow. G (Goal setting): Confirm employee performance goals; single event goals also included in daily work life R (Reality Check): It is the current situation. It is necessary to understand the current status quo and what the objective facts are; look for the motivation. o(Options): Represents finding solutions W (Way Forward): represents the development of action plans and review time When to use Use this model when others ask you for help or when coaching a subordinate. It can also be used in many different places in life. Its main purpose is to clarify the current situation and reduce the disturbance of certain things, so that the executor can find corresponding solutions from the heart.

Model introduction The 4C model of management is an effective method to improve team execution. It contains four actions: 1. Clarity in assigning tasks: Make sure employees understand the work 100% 2 Commitment to work must be sincere: Commitment from the heart 3 Competence must be in place to be competent at the job: not only ability, but also attitude 4. The control work must be comprehensive (Control): control before, during and after the event. When to use As a team leader, when you want to improve the team's execution capabilities, you can adopt the 4C model.

Model introduction The TOPIC model is the five major elements of team management, namely building trust, goal orientation, process management, commitment, and efficient communication. If you want to manage a team well, you must pay attention to the situation of each element When to use When you face a team management problem, you can use the TOPIC model to find out which element is causing the problem.

Model introduction Leverage thinking is to leverage huge resources at a very small cost to maximize returns. This kind of thinking is very common in the financial field. The most typical example is to use 30% down payment to leverage 100% of the real estate. By migrating to other fields, you can do one thing well and then use it to expand your impact and leverage more possible things to happen. When to use You can refer to this when you have limited resources and are thinking about where to invest to leverage more resources.