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Measurement Chapter 8 Norm Reference Test
Measurement Chapter 8 Norm-Referenced Test summarizes the basic concepts related to norms, the preparation of norms, the interpretation and application of norm-referenced test scores, etc.
Edited at 2023-12-22 12:33:11- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
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Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
Measurement Chapter 8 Norm Reference Test
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
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- Outline
Measurement Chapter 8 Norm Reference Test
Basic concepts and logic review
Basic logical construction
The original score has little meaning. The meaning of the numerical value can only be determined by comparing it with a certain reference system.
Purpose—Correct interpretation, evaluation, and use of test scores
Establish a reference system or comparison standard to compare scores.
Different classifications of tests with reference to standards
norm-referenced test
Reference standard
The general level or level status distribution of the characteristics of the group to which the subject belongs
Example: average score on exam
criterion referenced test
reference standard
Society’s objective requirements or a specified external standard for the psychological traits being measured
Example: Passing line for university final exam
The nature of norm-referenced testing
It's essentially a test
is a way of interpreting, evaluating, and using test scores
Establish a unified standard to interpret and compare scores by obtaining relative positions
Norm is a form of establishing standards and a scale of comparison.
Basic concepts related to norms
norm
Definition of norm
Subject group
Desire to measure psychological traits
temporality
stability
universality
General level or horizontal distribution state
The meaning of norm
According to the norm, explain the relative position of the individual level in the reference group
norm group
definition
a group of people who share certain characteristics
The psychological traits that the test is intended to measure are common characteristics
How to determine norm groups
test maker
The selected norm group must be representative of the population
Quiz users
Select norms from different angles🫱🏻Choose the most suitable group
The membership structure of the norm group
Achievement and Aptitude Tests
Ability and personality tests
Considerations for identifying norm groups
The boundaries of group composition must be clear
Describe in detail the nature and characteristics of each norm group
a representative sample of the population tested
randomization principle
Sampling procedures must be clearly and thoroughly described
Sampling size
Sampling time
Sampling methods, etc.
Sample size should be appropriate
Generally, 30-100
Nationwide, 2000-3000
The more complex the population properties, the larger the total sample size
The higher the accuracy, the larger the total sample size
The norm group must be recent👉🏻contemporary
Pay attention to the combination of general norms and special norms
The relationship between norms and norm groups
Any test may have many norm groups
The score distribution of the norm group is the norm
Preparation of norms (establishment of standards)
Select the norm group (scientific sampling) 👉🏻 Make sure which subject group the test is used for
probability sampling
definition
Object - every individual in the study population
Feature - the probability of extraction is known
Features - Random Sampling
type
simple random sampling
Systematic sampling (mechanical sampling, equidistant sampling)
There is no order to arrange, no hierarchical structure exists, the key is group spacing
stratified sampling
Group according to different stratification variables (gender, age, education, occupation, etc.), and then perform group sampling
Heterogeneous between layers, homogeneous within layers
Cluster sampling - homogeneous among groups, heterogeneous within groups
Take a small subgroup as the sampling unit
Scope of application
Quantitative research or large-scale formal research
non-probability sampling
definition
Object - each research object
Feature 1 - Unknown extraction probability
Feature 2 - No random sampling
type
convenience sampling
judgment sampling
quota sampling
snowball sampling
Scope of application
Qualitative research or small-scale informal research
Scientifically compile and administer tests to obtain actual measurement data 👉🏻 Obtain scores from normative groups
Reasonable statistical analysis, establishing norms 👉🏻Convert original scores into derived scores (conversion and synthesis of scores)
conversion of fractions
Reasons for conversion of scores
Can clearly determine relative position 🫱🏻Compare with others and evaluate scores
Individuals can be compared horizontally on different tests
Conceptual distinction
raw score
Reflects the number of questions answered correctly by the subject or the degree of correctness of the answers
Export scores
On the basis of raw scores
After certain rules, statistical processing is performed
Obtain a score scale or symbol system with certain reference points and units that can be compared with each other
method
Two dimensions of thinking
Vertical conversion🫳🏻 relies on comparing different age development levels with individual scores and converting them into corresponding grades
Horizontal conversion🫳🏻Compare individual scores with others in the same group and convert them into corresponding levels
specific method
Percentile rank score (most widely used)
definition
The percentage of people who score below this score among the group's test scores ()
understand
The greater the percentage value, the better the result👉🏻
formula expression
unclassified
Applicable objects——-The subject group is small
Calculation formula
Group
Applicable objects - larger subject groups
Calculation formula
evaluate
advantage
It is a relative position quantity that is comparable, easy to calculate, and easy to explain.
Can understand the relative position of a certain psychological trait of the subject in the group
Comparable subjects’ development status on different psychological test traits
Not affected by the original score distribution state
shortcoming
The units are not equal, and the reaction is too sensitive in areas with dense scores.
Interpret scores relative to a specific group of subjects relative to a specific reference group
Standard score (Z-score)
definition
In a distribution, how many standard deviations does an individual score lie above or below the mean.
Use the mean score as the ruler, the standard deviation as the unit of measurement, and the interval scale
understand
Comparable and additive
Standard scores do not change the distribution shape of the original scores
The standard score is a relative position parameter that actually masks the true nature of the original score
Once any raw score is converted, it has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1👉🏻Use standard scores to compare different tests
standard fraction conversion
Group
Suitable
Calculation formula
nonlinear transformation
Scope of application
The sample size is large and representative
Ideas
Forcibly twist the non-normal scores into a normal distribution
specific method
Raw Score – Percentile Rank
If the corresponding percentage level is directly regarded as the area value under the normal distribution curve, find the corresponding value?
evaluate
advantage
Overcomes the shortcomings that percentile grades do not have equivalent units and cannot compare different tests.
shortcoming
It has the disadvantages of negative points and too large units.
Variations of standard scores (T-scores)
definition
formula expression
T-score
10 is the standard deviation and 50 is the mean
T=10·Z 50
Other variations
Chinese Binet Test: Dispersion IQ=16·Z 100
Wechsler Intelligence Scale Dispersion IQ: IQ=15·Z 100
evaluate
advantage
It overcomes the shortcomings of negative scores and too large units in standard scores.
Isometricity facilitates statistical analysis
Under normal distribution, various derived scores and percentile scores can be converted according to the normal distribution table
shortcoming
Fractions are too abstract
Under non-normal distribution, comparison of different variant scores cannot be achieved, and calculations cannot be performed.
standard nine scores
definition
A standard score system that divides raw scores into nine parts, expressed as 1-9 points
feature
Standard deviation 2, mean 5
type
Standard ten - the mean is 5.5 and the standard deviation is 1.5
Standard 20 points - mean 10, standard deviation 3
Relationships between various derived scores
The specific method follows the logic of evolution and development - each form is to make up for the shortcomings of the previous form, and so on.
composition of fractions
The meaning of fraction synthesis
Fraction synthesis problem
method
Purpose of Composing Test Scores
form
Validity issues
The number of composite test scores starts with the best predictor and is added until the validity of the combined score no longer increases.
Types of fraction synthesis
Portfolio of projects
combination of subtests or scales
A test or a combination of test sources
How to combine fractions
Clinical Diagnosis (Intuition Formation)
Definition - Intuitive experience subjectively combines various factors to draw conclusions
evaluate
advantage
Flexible and personalized
High degree of comprehensiveness
analog surgical clinician
shortcoming
Decision-making is too subjective and influenced by personal biases
Lack of quantitative analysis and no quantitative indicators
too subjective
weighted sum
multiple regression
Quantitative dependencies between one independent variable and multiple independent variables
multiple partitions
Some traits are not mutually compensable
Establish a standard for each trait to be measured, thereby dividing the results into qualified and unqualified. Each item needs to be qualified to pass.
The relationship between divided items is equal and juxtaposed
Interpretation and Application of Norm-Referenced Test Scores
Classification of norms
Developmental norm scale
The general level of each stage in the normal development process of a certain type of individual
eg: Height norms for adolescents at different ages
Vertical score (original and exported) conversion
In-group norm scale
The general performance level of a certain trait in a group of subjects
eg: The moral development level of children around 4 years old
Horizontal score (original and exported) conversion
age norm
Definition - the average operating level of an individual in a certain age group
Indicator – Mental Age
How to express norm scores
conversion method
cross-section method
Why Convert Raw Scores to Derived Scores
Teaching 22.1 Li Yixian