MindMap Gallery Epidemiology—case-control study
A case-control study, also known as an intervention experiment, means that the researcher randomly assigns research subjects to an experimental group and a control group based on the purpose of the research, artificially imposes or reduces a certain factor on the experimental group, and then tracks the results of the factor and compares them. and analyze the outcomes of the two groups to determine the effectiveness of the intervention.
Edited at 2023-12-21 15:33:44One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
experimental epidemiological research
concept
Also known as an intervention experiment, the researcher randomly assigns the research subjects to the experimental group and the control group based on the research purpose, artificially imposes or reduces a certain factor on the experimental group, and then tracks the effect of the factor, and compares and analyzes the two groups. population outcomes to determine the effectiveness of interventions
Basic Features
prospective study
artificially imposed intervention
random group
Have a balanced and comparable control group
Main types
The unit of intervention is the individual
Clinical Trials
Select suitable research subjects from a large number of patients with clinical symptoms, and then divide the research subjects into two groups
The experimental group is given some intervention
The control group was given placebo or traditional therapy
The basic principle
Contrast principle
randomization principle
Blind principle
Repeat principle
installment
Phase I clinical trial
Phase II clinical trial
Phase III clinical trial
Phase IV clinical trial
Design and implementation
Defined research question and purpose
Research Question (PICO)
Diseases and Patients P
Research Intervention I
Comparative Intervention C
Clinical outcomeO
Research purposes
Evaluating drugs of unknown effectiveness
Study the dose-effect relationship of a drug
Compare the effects of different administration methods
Evaluate the effectiveness of new uses of old drugs
Determination of research objects
Those who may benefit most and suffer the least harm from this treatment
Populations of particular concern to researchers
People for whom the treatment effect is unclear
Determination and measurement of outcomes
ending
Determine sample size
Factors that determine sample size
The size of the difference between the experimental group and the control group
In count data, the frequency of the outcome event in the population determines the sample size
In measurement data, differences between individuals (variance, standard deviation) determine the size of the sample
a and 1-B
One-sided test or two-sided test
Calculation of sample size for count data
Calculation of measurement data sample size
Set up strict controls
Standard control
placebo control
Cross control should have a washout period
Compare each other
self control
random group
simple randomization
block randomization
stratified randomization
Apply blinding
QC
measure
Reduce the frequency of events such as failure and withdrawal after random grouping
The determination and elimination of unqualified patients must be independent of treatment and outcome.
Use blinding to reduce the relationship between the occurrence of these events and treatment allocation and outcomes
ANALYSE information
Effectiveness rate, cure rate, mortality rate, adverse event rate
survival rate
Relative risk reduction RRR
=(Event incidence rate in the control group - Event incidence rate in the experimental group)/Event incidence rate in the control group
Absolute risk reduction ARR
=Event incidence rate in the control group-Event incidence rate in the experimental group
Number of people needed to treat NNT
=1/ARR
Bias and its control
include
lost to follow-up
interference
contaminate
control
exclude
Improve trial subject compliance
Reduce the loss to follow-up rate of trial subjects
Field Test
The intervention unit is the group
community intervention trial
Purpose
Evaluate the effectiveness of vaccines, drugs, etc. in preventing diseases
Assess causes and risk factors
Evaluate public health strategies
design type
Randomized controlled trial RCT
cluster randomized controlled trial
Quasi-experiment
Evaluation index
protection rate
= (Incidence rate in the control group - Incidence rate in the experimental group)/Incidence rate in the control group
effectiveness index
=Incidence rate in the control group/Incidence rate in the experimental group
Antibody positive conversion rate
=number of antibody positives/number of vaccinated people
Advantages and limitations
advantage
Randomize groups to reduce confounding bias
Prospective studies have greater ability to test hypotheses than cohort studies
Helps understand the natural history of the disease and can obtain the relationship between an intervention and multiple outcomes
limitation
Experimental design and implementation conditions are high and difficult
High possibility of being lost to follow-up
Sometimes there are ethical issues