MindMap Gallery Bacterial cell membrane, intermediate and cell membrane
This is a mind map about bacterial cell membranes, interstitial bodies and cytoplasm. The cell membrane, also known as the cytoplasmic membrane or plasma membrane, is a soft, elastic, semipermeable film composed of phospholipids and proteins that adheres to the inner layer of the cell wall. .
Edited at 2023-12-18 22:17:19One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
Bacterial cell membrane, intermediate, cytoplasm and nuclear region
cell membrane
Definition: Also known as the cytoplasmic membrane or plasma membrane, it is a soft, elastic, semipermeable film composed of phospholipids and proteins that adheres to the inner layer of the cell wall.
Features
Semipermeable film, 7~8nm thick, accounting for approximately 10% of the dry mass of cells
Observation method
Plasmolysis, differential staining, protoplast disruption - light microscopy
Electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of bacteria
chemical composition
Phospholipid 20%~30%, protein 50%~70%, and a small amount of sugar
More than 200 types of proteins
Structure: Phospholipid bilayer
Positively charged hydrophilic polar head, uncharged and hydrophobic non-polar tail
The polar head faces the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane, and the hydrophobic tail is buried in the inner layer.
liquid, fluid
Peripheral proteins and integrins with different functions move laterally on or inside the phospholipid bilayer.
Integral proteins are “dissolved” in the hydrophobic inner layer
Peripheral proteins attach to polar heads on the surface
Peripheral proteins perform "floating" movements, and integrins are immersed in them and move laterally.
No covalent binding between lipid molecules or between lipids and proteins
Function
Selectively control the exchange and transport of substances inside and outside cells
Structural barrier that maintains normal intracellular osmotic pressure
An important place for the synthesis of cell wall and sugar-related components (peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, LPS)
In prokaryotes, it is the base involved in biological oxidation and energy production (oxidative phosphorylation or photosynthetic phosphorylation)
Site of many enzymes (β-galactosidase, cell wall and capsule synthases, and ATPase) and the electron transport chain
The insertion site of the flagellum, which provides energy for flagellar movement
intermediate
Definition: A tubular or sac-like structure formed by folding of the bacterial cell membrane inwards into the cytoplasm.
More common in G bacteria
Function
Increase the surface area of the cell membrane, correspondingly increase the enzyme content, especially the respiratory enzyme system is developed. --called "pseudo-mitochondria"
When bacterial cells divide, intermediates are often located in the center of the cell and are related to the synthesis of cell wall membranes and nuclear replication.
Participates in the transfer of intracellular materials and energy and the formation of spores. It is the oxidative phosphorylation center during cellular respiration.
Possible site of secretion of extracellular enzymes such as penicillinase
cytoplasm
Definition: A general term for all translucent, colloidal, and granular substances surrounded by cell membranes except for the nuclear area.
The water content is about 80%, and its function is to provide a place for metabolism.
Ingredients/Contents
Main ingredients: ribosome monomers, storage products, various enzymes, intermediate metabolites, plasmids, various nutrients, macromolecules
A few bacterial components: thylakoids, carboxysomes, bubbles, parasporal crystals
Ribosome
The granular structure of ribonucleoprotein in cells, composed of 65% RNA and 35% protein
Often distributed in the cytoplasm in free state or polyribosome state
The bacterial ribosome has a sedimentation coefficient of 70S and is composed of the 50S large subunit and the 30S small subunit.
Each bacterium contains tens of thousands of ribosomes with a diameter of 18nm.
is where cells synthesize proteins
hoard
Carbon sources and energy
Glycogen: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, cyanobacteria, Bacillus
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid: Azotobacteria, Alcaligenes, Enterobacteriaceae
Sulfur particles: Purple sulfur bacteria, Thiobacterium thioides, Thiobacillus burnetii
Nitrogen source
Phycocyanin: cyanobacteria
Phycocyanin: Cyanobacteria
Phosphorus source (metachromatic particles): Helicobacter albus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Polysaccharide storage materials (glycogen and starch): Most of the fungi are glycogen. After treatment with iodine solution, glycogen turns brown and starch turns blue.
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) particles
lipid-like storage
Function: Store energy, carbon source, reduce intracellular osmotic pressure
Sudan black coloring, visible under light microscope
Sulfur particles
Store sulfur and energy
metachromatic granules
Main ingredients: Polymetaphosphate
Function: Store phosphorus and energy, and reduce osmotic pressure
magnetosomes
Found in magnetotactic bacteria, it has a guiding function and its main component is Fe3O4
Can be used to produce magnetically oriented drugs/or antibodies and manufacture biosensors
carboxylate
Exists in autotrophic bacteria; contains 1,5-bisphosphate ribulose carboxylase; approximately 10 nm in size, similar to bacteriophage
Plays a key role in CO2 fixation by autotrophic bacteria
bubble
gas-filled vesicle-like inclusions present in many phototrophic, aflagellate motile, and aquatic bacteria
Aquatic bacteria--Structure of gas storage in Halobacterium/Cyanobacteria cells
Adjust the specific gravity of cells to allow bacteria to float in the optimal water layer to obtain light energy, O2 and nutrients.
Nuclear region and plasmid
nuclear zone
Also known as nucleoplast, prokaryotic, nucleoid or nuclear genome
Located in the cytoplasm, without nuclear membrane and nucleolus, no fixed shape, simple structure
Fulgen staining, purple morphology of adventitious nuclei
Mainly: Large, repeatedly folded, highly wound circular double-stranded DNA
In addition: a small amount of RNA and Pr (Pr can be regarded as not containing)
Function: Store, transmit and regulate genetic information
Plasmid
The genetic material that exists outside or attached to the bacterial chromosome is a circular DNA molecule that is dispersed in the cytoplasm and can replicate itself.
Composed of covalently closed circular double-stranded DNA molecules, with a smaller molecular mass than bacterial chromosomes
Usually there can be one or more plasmids in a bacterium, and each plasmid can have several or even 100 genes.
characteristic
Self-replicating and stable inheritance
Non-essential genetic material, controlling secondary traits
transferable, integrable, reorganizable, eliminable