Low degree of coiling and coiling, light staining, and transcriptionally active

High degree of coiling and coiling, dark staining, little or no transcriptional activity

1/2-5/8

5/8-5/8

7/8-end

karyotype: Based on the relative size of chromosomes, centromere position, arm length, presence or absence of satellites and other characteristics, the image formed by grouping and arranging all the chromosomes in a somatic cell in a certain order is called a karyotype.

Chromosome serial number, arm symbol, region symbol, band serial number

High resolution: sub-zone, sub-sub-zone

The number change is an integer multiple of the haploid

The number of chromosomes in somatic cells increases or decreases by one or several chromosomes based on 2n

Refers to the loss of a certain segment of a chromosome and the genes it carries.

Refers to the phenomenon of mutation caused by the addition of the same segment on a chromosome

After two breaks occur on a chromosome, a certain segment and the gene sequence it carries are reversed 180°, rejoined and cause mutation.

Refers to an aberration in which a certain segment is transferred between two pairs of non-homologous chromosomes. Usually the two parties exchange certain sections, which is called mutual castling.

Number of repeats of tandem repeats

short tandem repeats

Y means male

The two sister chromatids of a chromosome are broken at the same position at the same time and then rejoin after exchanging the broken fragments. This is called sister chromosome crossing. Related to DNA damage repair Asymmetric exchange can generate new alleles