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Bio-citric acid cycle
This is a mind map about the citric acid cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the mitochondria of cells and can oxidize the pyruvate produced by glycolysis and allow the produced NADH and FADH2 to enter the electrolyte. The subtransfer process completes the complete oxidation of the substance.
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- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
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Bio-citric acid cycle
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude Character Relationship Chart
One Hundred Years of Solitude is the masterpiece of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Reading this book begins with making sense of the characters' relationships, which are centered on the Buendía family and tells the story of the family's prosperity and decline, internal relationships and political struggles, self-mixing and rebirth over the course of a hundred years.
- Project Management Process Template
Project management is the process of applying specialized knowledge, skills, tools, and methods to project activities so that the project can achieve or exceed the set needs and expectations within the constraints of limited resources. This diagram provides a comprehensive overview of the 8 components of the project management process and can be used as a generic template for direct application.
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- Outline
citric acid cycle
concept
Also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, it occurs in the mitochondria of cells and can oxidize the pyruvate produced by glycolysis and allow the produced NADH and FADH2 to enter the electron transport process to complete the complete oxidation of substances.
site of occurrence
Mitochondria
Preparation Phase
Pyruvate, forming acetyl-CoA (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)
Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1, the prosthetic group is TPP
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase E2, the prosthetic group is dihydrolipoamide
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase E3, the prosthetic group is FAD
basic process
Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate condense to form citric acid
Citrate synthase, rate-limiting enzyme
Isomerization of citric acid to form isocitric acid
Aconitum sour plum
Oxidation of isocitrate to form α-ketoglutarate
Isocitrate dehydrogenase, rate-limiting enzyme
Oxidative decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, rate-limiting enzyme
Three enzymes and six cofactors, such as NAD⁺, CoA, TPP, lipoamide, FAD and Mg²⁺
Succinyl-CoA is converted to succinic acid and phosphorylated to form GDP High-energy GTP (mammals) or ADP becomes ATP (plants or bacteria)
Succinyl-CoA synthetase
Dehydrogenation of succinic acid to fumaric acid
succinate dehydrogenase
Fumaric acid hydrates to form L-malic acid
fumarase
Oxidation of malic acid to form oxaloacetate
malate dehydrogenase
total chemical reaction formula
Acetyl-CoA 3NAD⁺ FAD GDP Pi 2H₂O-→2CO₂ 3NADH FADH₂ GTP 3H⁺ CoA-SH
glyoxylate pathway
Occurs in mitochondria and glyoxylate cycle of plant cells
physiological significance
Energy Supply
Provides intermediate products for biosynthesis
It is not only an important pathway for sugar metabolism, but also an important pathway for the final oxidation of lipid compounds and proteins into CO₂ and H₂O
Is one of the important sources of CO₂
Provide H⁺ e for breathing exercises
Energy calculation
Once per cycle: 7.5 1.5 1=10ATP
Starting with pyruvate: 10 2.5 = 12.5ATP
Starting with glucose (not accounting for glycolysis): 2×12.5=25ATP
Starting with glucose: 25 5 2 = 32ATP
Metabolite anaplerotic pathway
Carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate
Conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate
Malic enzyme catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate to malate
Regulatory mechanism
Three rate-limiting enzymes
Substrates acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate and product NADH
Ca²⁺
ATP and ADP