cognition

motivations and emotions

Ability and personality

Behavior refers to an organism's response system. It consists of a series of reactive actions and activities. 1. In most cases, behaviors are generated under certain stimulating situations. The internal and external factors that cause behavior are called stimuli. 2. Behavior is different from psychology, but it is closely related to psychology. Stimuli that cause behavior often work through psychological mediators. The complexity of human behavior is caused by the complexity of psychological activities. The same stimulus may cause different responses, and different stimuli may cause the same response. The reason is that people have a rich subjective world. The conditions in the subjective world are different, and responses to the same stimulus are often different. 3. Psychology controls behavior and is expressed through behavior.

1. Human consciousness is a rich and stable inner world composed of human cognition, emotions, emotions, desires, etc. It is the internal resource for people to actively understand the world and stabilize the inner world. This is the function of human consciousness. The first feature. 2. Human activities have clear goals and can plan in advance the methods and means to achieve the goals. This is another characteristic of human consciousness. 3. Consciousness is sometimes called awareness. Human consciousness is also reflected in the fact that people can be aware of the existence of external things and their own psychological activities, and can distinguish "self" from "non-self", "subject" and "object". In other words, people are not only aware of the existence of objects, but also have self-awareness. 4. Self-awareness is an important feature of human psychology and appears only at a certain stage of individual development. 5. A psychological phenomenon closely related to consciousness is attention. Attention is the direction and focus of consciousness on things and activities. The basic function of attention is to select information. 6. In addition to consciousness, human psychology also has unconscious phenomena. This is a psychological phenomenon that people are not aware of under normal circumstances and cannot consciously regulate and control. Therefore, unconscious phenomena are also an important research object in psychology.

The relationship between social psychology and individual psychology is the relationship between commonality and individuality. Social psychology is generated in the common living environment of the society. It is a typical manifestation of the psychological characteristics of individuals in the society, rather than the simple sum of individual psychological characteristics. Social psychology cannot be separated from individual psychology, but it is an important social realization for individuals and directly affects the formation and development of individual psychology or individual consciousness.

Exploring and revealing the laws of occurrence, development and change of psychological phenomena is the basic task of psychology. 1. Psychological process. Human psychological phenomena unfold in time, and they appear as certain processes, such as cognitive processes, emotional processes, skill formation processes, etc. 2. Psychological structure. The study of psychological structure is to reveal the connections between various psychological phenomena. 3. Psychological brain mechanism. Psychology is the function of the nervous system, especially the function of the brain. 4. The occurrence and development of psychological phenomena. Human psychological phenomena are the product of evolution. 5. The relationship between psychology and environment. Psychological phenomena are caused by information input from the outside world.

1. Theoretical significance. Scientifically explaining psychological phenomena is of great significance to getting rid of superstition and forming a scientific world view and outlook on life. 2. Practical significance. The important role of science is prediction and control. Once people master the laws of psychological phenomena, they can predict and control psychological phenomena according to the needs of social practice.

Reasons for development: On the one hand, it is due to the needs of real life. On the other hand, due to the development of adjacent disciplines (such as biology, physiology, logic, sociology, education and technical sciences, etc.) and their interaction with psychology, many disciplines have been formed outside the boundaries of psychology and these disciplines. Emerging sub-disciplines. 1. General psychology. It is a basic subject and studies the most general laws of the occurrence and development of psychological phenomena. 2. Physiological psychology and psychophysiology. Study of the physiological mechanisms of psychological phenomena. 3. Developmental psychology. Study the phylogenetic development of psychology and the individual development of human psychology. 4. Educational psychology. It is an important branch of psychology. 5. Medical psychology. Studying the role of psychological factors in the occurrence, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases is a product of the combination of psychology and medicine. 6.Industrial Psychology. Study the psychological characteristics and behavioral patterns of people in the industrial labor process. 7. Military psychology. It is a branch of psychology that applies psychology to the military. 8. Social psychology. It is a science that systematically studies social psychology and social behavior.

1. Psychology is an intermediate science. Psychology is in the middle, so it can be called an intermediate science or a marginal science. 2. Psychology-related careers, "Careers in Psychology" Sternberg. 3. How to be a psychologist. A psychologist often needs to have knowledge and scientific literacy in both natural sciences and social sciences.

Under natural conditions, systematic and planned observation of external activities that express psychological phenomena, Discover the regularity of the emergence and development of psychological phenomena.

advantage

shortcoming

Refers to a method of measuring certain psychological qualities using a set of pre-standardized questions (scales).

Two basic requirements

advantage

shortcoming

It is a relationship between things. Look for correlations between psychological phenomena and other phenomena.

Advantages: Strong explorability and can build predictive models.

Disadvantages: Correlation itself cannot provide causality. When two phenomena are found to be related, A may be the cause of B, B→A, or they are related in other ways. It cannot be inferred from the information of the correlation itself. Which one is the cause and which one is the effect.

The method of observing a certain psychological phenomenon under controlled conditions is called experimental method.

laboratory experiment method

Natural experiment method (field experiment method)

Advantages: ① Strict control of experimental conditions can reveal causal relationships. ②Research results can be tested repeatedly. ③Clear quantitative indicators

Disadvantages: ① Strict control of experimental conditions brings great artificial restrictions to the experimental conditions, making it difficult to generalize the experimental results. ② It will be affected by various influences such as the experimenter and the external environment. ③There are certain limitations in studying some complex psychological phenomena.

It is a relatively old method. It was developed from the consultation method in medical practice.

Purpose

type

advantage

shortcoming

By asking questions, the respondents are asked to answer their thoughts on one or more questions.

Research methods

In 1879, the famous German psychologist Wundt founded the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany and began to conduct systematic experimental research on psychological phenomena.

1. Constructivism: The founder is Wundt, and the famous representative is Titchener. It is advocated that psychology should study people's direct experience, that is, consciousness, and divide human experience into three elements: feeling, representation and emotion. Research method: Introspection method. He created the first school of psychology that was separated from philosophy and promoted the emergence of other schools of psychology. However, the research was too narrow and divorced from reality. It decomposed psychology into elements and separated its integrity.

2. Functionalism: The founder is the famous American psychologist James, and its representatives include Dewey and Angel. Functionalism also advocates the study of consciousness, but they do not regard consciousness as a collection of individual psychological elements, but as a continuous process. In their view, consciousness is personal, ever-changing, continuous and selective. The function of consciousness is to adapt the organism to its environment.

3. Behaviorism: American psychologist Watson published "Psychology from a Behaviorist's Perspective", announcing the birth of behaviorism. Characteristics: a. Opposes the study of consciousness and advocates the study of behavior in psychology; b. Opposes introspection and advocates the use of experimental methods. Behaviorism emphasizes the use of objective methods to study observable behaviors, which has a positive effect on psychology's path to science. However, because its ideas are too extreme, it does not study the internal structure and process of psychology, and denies the importance of studying consciousness. This limits the development of psychology.

4. Gestalt Psychology: (Appeared at the same time as behaviorism in the United States and in Germany) The founders are Wertheimer, Kohler and Koffka. Gestalt means "whole" in German, and it represents the basic proposition and purpose of this school. Gestalt psychology opposes the analysis of consciousness into elements, but emphasizes the significance of the mind as a whole, an organization. Gestalt psychology believes that the whole cannot be reduced to the sum of its parts and elements; the sum of the parts does not equal the whole; the whole exists before the parts and constrains the nature and meaning of the parts.

5. Psychoanalytic school: This is a school founded by Freud, a psychiatrist in Vienna, Austria. Its theory is mainly derived from clinical practice experience in treating mental illness. The psychiatric school attaches great importance to the analysis of abnormal behaviors and emphasizes that psychology should study unconscious phenomena. Mental level theory: consciousness, subconscious, preconscious; personality structure theory: id, ego, superego; personality development theory: oral stage, anal stage, genital stage, latency period, reproductive stage; psychotherapy: free association, dream interpretation , empathy.

Humanism Representative figures: Maslow, Rogers Main point of view: Psychological research should focus on normal humans and study some of the complex experiences of humans that are different from animals. The research goal is to find methods that can help people develop their personal potential and achieve self-realization. Research methods: There is no specific and unified method, and more phenomenological research methods are used. All human individual and social behaviors are rooted in something deep in the soul. A desire or motive, especially a sexual impulse.

cognitive psychology