Tiny units of matter that consists of electrons, neutrons and protons.

FRICTION

No. of protons = no. of electrons

Frcition allows electrons to transfer from the atoms of one substance onto the atoms of a different substance.

If it has more electrons than protons --> it has a negative charge.

If it has more protons than electrons --> it has a positive charge.

Positive charge (protons>electrons)

Negative charge (electrons>protons)

Same attract, opposite repel

Materials or substances that allow electrons to easily be rubbed off, or transferred to another substance.

Metals, copper, graphite, salty water

Materials or substances in which it is difficult for electrons to pass through them.

Plastic, rubber, glass, wood, air, pure water

If a substance is connected to the power pack through allegator clips and it succeeds in lighting up the light bulb, it is a conductor. Or else, it is an insulator

Ex) battery, power pack, mains power point

Ex) Light bulbs, heaters, motors

Connector of the compoenents of the circuit

Closed circuit

When all the components of the circuit is a conductor

When there are no breaks or interruptions within the circuit

(an unbroken chain of conductors) from the negative (-ve) terminal to the positive (+ve) terminal.

If there is one break, electrons cannot get past and circuit doesn't work

When electric voltage travels through the wires, the electrical field of the power source triggers the loose electrons within the copper to move. The electrons gain energy and move towards the positive charge.