Information is the expression of the way things exist and the state of movement.

Information is the way things exist and the state of movement that the subject perceives or expresses.

Information at the epistemological level that simultaneously takes into account the external form (grammatical information), intrinsic meaning (semantic information) and utility value (pragmatic information) of the way things exist and their state of motion is called complete information.

That is, it is generated, transmitted, communicated and applied to human social practical activities for specific purposes, including all data, messages, experiences and knowledge expressed and recorded by language, symbols and other material carriers created by humans.

⑴Information is the expression of the way things exist and the state of movement. The existence and movement of things are always and everywhere, so information follows them like a shadow, always and everywhere.

⑵This kind of ubiquitous information is also absolute and objective. Absoluteness means that the existence of information does not depend on the subject; objectivity means that information is not an illusory thing, and its existence can be perceived, acquired, stored, processed, transmitted and applied by people.

⑴Everything in the universe and space has its own way of existence and state of motion, and is constantly generating information; and the things in the universe and space are infinitely rich, vast in space, and infinitely changing in time.

⑵Therefore, the generation of information is infinite, and the distribution is also infinite. Even in limited space and time, things are infinitely diverse, and information is naturally infinite.

⑴Information is generated from the existence and movement of things, but information can be relatively independent of its source and can be carried by other material carriers and transmitted in time or space. The transmission in time is the storage of information, and in space The transmission is communication.

⑵The nature of information transmission in time and space is very important. It not only enables human society to carry out effective information exchange and communication, but also enables the accumulation and dissemination of knowledge and information.

⑴Information represents the existence and movement of things, but information is not the thing itself. This "representation" can be expressed through various symbols, codes, and languages ​​created by humans, recorded and stored through various material carriers, and loaded and transmitted through energy such as light, sound, and electricity. Without these material carriers, information cannot exist. This shows that information is dependent on material carriers.

⑵ However, the specific material carrier through which the information is expressed, recorded and loaded will not change the nature and meaning of the information, which shows that the information is independent of the material carrier. The transformation of material carriers carrying information does not change the way things exist or the expression of their motion states. This property makes it possible for people to perform various processing and transformation of information.

⑴Because people have different observation abilities, cognitive abilities, understanding abilities and purposes, the amount of information they obtain from the same thing is also different.

⑵ Even if their abilities and purposes are exactly the same, when they observe things, they choose different angles and different sides, and the amount of information they obtain about the same thing must also be different. This nature of information shows that the actual amount of information obtained varies from person to person.

⑴Because information can be separated from its source or independent of its material carrier, and is not consumed during use, it can be used by many users at the same time or at different times. This is the sharing of information.

⑵The sharing of information is a natural attribute (essential attribute) of information, which has both positive and negative aspects. The positive aspect is that information can be shared to the maximum extent in time and space, improving information utilization efficiency and saving production costs; the negative aspect is that sharing brings great difficulty to the arrangement and control of information property rights in modern information management.

Once information is generated, it expresses a certain meaning. It is not a simple arithmetic sum of various elements contained in the information. Therefore, it is impossible to arrange these elements in any order and combine them in different combinations without damaging the information. meaning. Likewise, the elements that make up information cannot be arbitrarily divided.

⑴From the perspective of information generation, information represents the way things exist and the state of movement at a specific moment. Since all things are constantly changing, after this moment, the way things exist and the state of movement will inevitably change. The information in this way and state will also change accordingly, which is the so-called change of times.

⑵From the perspective of information utilization, information can only exert its effectiveness at a specific moment. A timely piece of information may be worth a fortune, but an outdated piece of information may be worth nothing. The main emphasis here is on "specific moments". Users must be good at seizing the opportunity. Only when the time is right can the information be fully effective.

Natural information, biological information, machine information, social information

Grammatical information, semantic information, pragmatic information

Real information, a priori information, actual information

Vertical information, horizontal information, mesh information

Economic information, scientific and technological information, political information, cultural information, policy and regulatory information, entertainment information

Useful information, useless information, interference information

Continuous information, interval information, routine information, sudden information

formal information, informal information

Voice information, image information, text information, digital information, computing information

internal information, external information

⑴Data: It is a physical symbol that loads or records information and is arranged and combined according to certain rules. It can be numbers, text, images, sounds or computer code.

⑵ People's reception of information begins with the reception of data, and information can only be obtained through the interpretation of data background and rules. "data context = information"

Information: It is the content of the data load. For the same information, its data representation can be in various forms. The message tells us: “What does this set of symbols represent?”

⑴Knowledge: It is the correct conclusion obtained by the information recipient through the refining and reasoning of the information. It is the understanding and mastery of nature, human society, thinking methods and movement laws through information. It is reassembled by the human brain through thinking. A systematic collection of information. Knowledge tells us: “What does this set of data mean?”

⑵ Knowledge transmission mode: transmitter’s knowledge → data → information → receiver’s knowledge. It can be seen that the key to converting information into knowledge lies in the recipient's ability to understand the information. The ability to understand the information depends on the recipient's information and knowledge preparation. Information can only be transformed into knowledge if it is combined with the recipient's personal experience, information and knowledge preparation, that is, it is integrated with the recipient's personal background. "Information experience = knowledge"

⑶ It can be seen that knowledge can only be acquired through learning and experience (practice), and human cognitive and understanding abilities provide the necessary conditions for the transformation of data into information, the transformation of information into knowledge, and the effective integration of knowledge and the creation of new knowledge. An indispensable condition.

⑴Intelligence: It is an ability and strategy to solve problems. It is the ability to effectively obtain information for specific problems and purposes in a certain environment, process information to form knowledge and strategies, and use strategies to solve problems, thereby successfully achieving the purpose. .

⑵Intelligence is knowledge activated by purpose and the way knowledge moves under certain conditions.

Starting from the relevant concepts in the above information chain, it can be considered that:

Data is the raw material of information, and information is the raw material of knowledge. The trend of knowledge is to become an intelligent method for people to make decisions. Among them, data has the widest coverage, followed by information, and knowledge is the smallest.

Informatization: Due to the irreplaceable role of information and information technology in today's social and economic development, both the government and all walks of life are making full use of information technology, fully developing information resources, and improving their own effectiveness and efficiency. People regard this as This phenomenon is called informatization. Informatization is an inevitable product of social development to a certain stage, and its rise has profound social, economic and technological backgrounds.

⑴Information resources. As a resource, information itself must reach a certain level in terms of accumulation, and it exists relatively commonly in various fields of human society;

⑵Information technology, the popularity and utilization of modern information technology and network technology continue to increase;

⑶Information concept, people’s understanding of the importance and value of information has been strengthened, and people’s education level and core literacy have been improved;

⑷Resource sharing, through rapid and effective information exchange, the full sharing of information resources within the whole society is achieved, generating social and economic benefits.

⑴ Concept

⑴Characteristics of the information society

Social informatization: refers to a specific phenomenon in the development process of human society. When this phenomenon occurs, humans are increasingly dependent on information and relatively low on material and energy. (It is a new technological revolution based on and marked by the widespread application of computer information processing technology and transmission means, and a process that affects and transforms social lifestyles and management methods.)

⑴ Informatization of production tools: realized through automatic control and intensive knowledge.

⑵ Informatization of social production systems: realized through automated control of production industries, departments and even the entire national economy.

⑶Informatization of social life: realized through communication systems, consulting industries and other facilities.

The stage of popularizing the information industry, the stage of establishing and developing advanced communication systems, the stage of enterprise informatization, and the comprehensive informatization of social life.

⑴Narrow sense: Information management is the management of information itself, that is, using various technical methods and means to organize, control, store, retrieve and plan information, and guide it to predetermined goals.

⑵Broad sense: Information management is not only the management of information, but also the reasonable organization and control of various elements involved in information activities (information, people, machines, institutions, etc.) to achieve the reasonable allocation of information and related resources. Thus effectively meeting the information requirements of society.

⑶This book: A broad understanding of information management. It is believed that the essence of information management is that humans comprehensively use technical, economic, policy, legal, and humanistic methods and means to control the flow of information (including information flow in informal channels and formal channels) to improve information utilization. Efficiency is an activity aimed at maximizing the utility value of information.

⑴Information resources

⑵Information activities

⑴Overall goal

① Information production and development sub-goals: Mainly to rationally organize and plan the production and development of information based on social and economic development to ensure that relevant potential information can be transformed into actual information resources in a timely and economical manner for people to use.

② Information utilization sub-goal: mainly to rationally organize the circulation and distribution of information in accordance with the principles of socialization, specialization and industrialization to ensure that information can be fully and effectively utilized.

③ Information management mechanism sub-goals: establish a scientific and reasonable information management mechanism in accordance with the characteristics and laws of social information processes, and improve the guarantee system for information development and utilization.

⑴Macro level

⑵Micro level

Information managers study the use of manual and computer methods to collect, process and store information in an orderly manner so that it can be quickly retrieved and delivered to specific users. This has always been the focus and goal of information management research.

Mainly studies the formation, development, characteristics and operation model of the information market, information industry, and information economy based on the production, circulation and utilization of information, the optimal allocation of information resources, the evaluation and selection of information technology, and the evaluation of information economic benefits. question. Information economics is a research field at the intersection of information management and economics from this perspective.

Based on government functions, use administrative means and legal means to regulate and control information activities, focus on coordinating and resolving new contradictions, new conflicts, and new interests that arise in the process of social informatization, and promote society to make fuller use of information. Better utilize the social functions of information to serve certain development goals. Information policy and information law are typical research fields from this perspective.

Based on the study of the influence and construction of moral, ethical and cultural factors in information flow control. Especially in the network environment, it is difficult to effectively restrict people's information behavior by relying solely on administrative and legal means. People's behavior must be regulated and information activities must be managed through the cultivation of humanistic spirit. From this perspective, the research on information ethics and network ethics has attracted increasing attention.

Information Lifecycle Management (ILM): It is an information management model that manages information throughout its entire life cycle, from creation to use to archiving and processing. It is a process strategy for active management of information. Its purpose is to Protect the continuity of information dissemination.

⑴Information creation (generation/release) stage

⑵Information collection stage

⑶Information organization stage

⑷Information storage stage

⑸Information utilization stage

⑹Information cleaning (destruction/recycling) stage

⑴The two methods of dividing the information life cycle stages are different.

⑵The information life described by the two has different starting points.

⑴The library is the product of the development of human social life to a certain stage. Collecting and organizing documents and records became the way of existence and activities of early libraries. With the development of social economy, science and technology, and culture, the types of document records have increased significantly. As the original document collection institution, the library has gradually separated from the archives and become a social information exchange center institution for the collection, collection, and utilization of knowledge and documents. That is how it was formed. library in an independent sense.

⑵The library collects documents for the purpose of document utilization. In order to effectively resolve the contradiction between "collection" and "use", the library has introduced the concept of management. In addition to the management of the documents themselves, it also includes the management of institutions, people, document collection and provision processes, so it has a fairly comprehensive and modern awareness of information resource management.

⑶ Since the use of document information is very complex in time and space, libraries do not know when and where the "collection" here and now can be "used". This forces many libraries to have to focus on the source of document information. Collect them all in case of unforeseen events in the future. This is the fundamental reason why libraries attach great importance to the management of "sources".

⑷After the 1940s, the intelligence crisis began to emerge, and a new type of full-time information service organization emerged in the field of science and technology—scientific and technological information agencies. In essence, there is no special difference between scientific and technological information institutions and libraries. Especially in the context of libraries moving from the world of books to the world of information when modern information technology is widely adopted, library and information services are becoming more integrated. After the 1960s, both of them paid more attention to "management" and transitioned to the development of "information management". The traditional management stage with "information source" as the core, literature as the main carrier, and public welfare services as the main goal is developing into the information management stage, transitioning from management that emphasizes "source" to control that focuses on "flow".

① Computers have scientific computing functions and information processing functions. The first computer was successfully developed in the 1940s. Less than ten years after the invention of the computer, it was applied to the processing and management of document information in libraries. The purpose was to improve the efficiency of document information processing and search, and to realize the flow of document information. control.

② With the development of computer technology, computer processing functions are getting stronger and stronger, making it possible for people to process documents from the macro level to the micro level, and from partial information of the document to full-text information, which greatly improves human understanding of document information. The processing and management capabilities have improved the library and information center's automated control over the flow of document information.

③The technical management stage focuses on computer technology to process information and control information flow. Technical factors dominate and technical experts play the leading role. This stage created many information processing methods and system design and development theories around computer applications. The excessive pursuit of the application of the most advanced technology completely ignores the role of other factors in information management.

⑴After the 1970s, people began to care about how people respond to changes caused by technology and the impact of people on the application of technology, and began to use administrative, legal, and economic means to coordinate society from a combination of micro and macro. Various contradictions, conflicts and interest relationships in the process of informatization, and proper handling of the complex relationship between people and things in information management, thus gradually forming the ideas and concepts of information resource management.

⑵After the 1990s, the global information highway based on the Internet has completely changed the way human information activities are conducted. However, the high-speed information network has not brought a truly efficient and orderly information space through high-level technological development. On the contrary, the rapid expansion of the network has brought about information pollution, information chaos, information crime, and information infringement, which far exceed the traditional meaning. intelligence crisis.

⑶The current research on network digital information resource management can be mainly divided into the following aspects: ① Network resources ② Library ③ Information network ④ Information retrieval ⑤ Information organization ⑥ Metadata ⑦ User service ⑧ Evaluation ⑨ Information resource sharing ⑩ Information resources Develop and utilize information environment

⑴The realization of knowledge management must be conditioned by corresponding information technology, and its results can most easily be expressed in the form of technical achievements. After the 1980s, the development of artificial intelligence and expert system technologies played a greater role in the emergence of knowledge management. Due to the development and application of these technologies, knowledge acquisition, knowledge expression, knowledge base systems, knowledge engineering and other fields were proposed. Fundamental concepts are widely used in knowledge management. In the mid-1990s, with the popularization and application of the Internet, knowledge management was rapidly promoted.

⑵ At present, knowledge management systems, knowledge sharing, knowledge transfer, and knowledge management strategies are the key topics of knowledge management. From a technical point of view, knowledge management can be divided into three stages: ① the knowledge management stage centered on the knowledge base; ② the development stage centered on the small-scale knowledge community; ③ represented by social computing, dynamic knowledge and its performance A new stage of knowledge management. Currently Web2.0 establishes a connection between knowledge management, social networks and semantics, which will certainly promote the development of knowledge management based on the Semantic Web.

Natural information exchange is entirely natural, including information exchange and interaction between non-living things, between living things, and between humans, non-living things, and living things. This process of action or influence should completely follow the laws and laws of nature and has nothing to do with human subjective consciousness. It is purely natural information exchange, that is, information exchange at the ontological level.

The information exchange between man and nature is a semi-natural, semi-social information exchange, and a semi-conscious information exchange. In addition to following the rules of nature, this communication method also changes with people's understanding. (Understanding and transforming the world)

The process of social information exchange between people is the interaction of people's subjective consciousness. This communication method is also the most complex and advanced form of information exchange. It relies on the consciousness of both communicators and the behavior of both parties. Communication behavior is not only affected by psychological factors, but also follows certain social rules. At the same time, it is closely related to other aspects of society. All aspects are connected to form a large system for the operation of the entire society.

Information exchange: refers to the transmission and exchange of knowledge, messages, data, facts and other information between cognitive subjects (people or institutions and organizations composed of people) at different times or in different spaces with the help of corresponding symbol systems. the process of.

(Synchronic/horizontal information exchange: realized on the same time plane, that is, communication here and now or here and now. The main function is to overcome spatial barriers to communication and achieve timely information sharing. Communication means include: Internet, fax, Telephone, telegraph, radio, television, spoken language, physical objects, etc.

Diachronic/vertical information exchange: Longitudinal examination of information connections in human society on different time planes. The main function is to eliminate the time barrier of communication, fill the gap between the past and the present, connect ancient times with modern times, and provide conditions for concentration and development. Communication means include: engraving CDs, copying disks, audio recordings, video recordings, photography, paintings, documents, archives, monuments, cultural relics, etc. )

⑴No matter what form of information exchange process there must be an information transmitter S, who is the initial source of information and is actually the information producer; an information receiver R, who is actually the final user of information.

⑵The information exchange process can be direct, such as simultaneous face-to-face communication, or indirect, such as non-simultaneous and non-face-to-face communication. For indirect communication, there should be at least one "human participation" link. We call this information transmission an information chain. The nodes of the information chain can be people, documents or other forms generated and transmitted by people, or a mixture of several forms.

⑶Information exchange is essentially a one-way transmission. The flow of information is always from S to R, which is a time-irreversible process.

⑷The source of information must be information provided by other people's minds S, rather than information obtained directly from natural or social observations.

⑸ Information exchange must also be the purposeful behavior of both parties, that is, both S and R intend to transmit and receive information. R has information needs and S provides it with purpose.

⑴Purpose behavior

⑵Non-purpose behavior

⑴Output behavior (S behavior)

⑵Receiving behavior (R behavior)

Also called information transmitter or information producer. It is the initial source of information and the initial link in the information transmission chain. It generally does not refer to information institutions, libraries, documentation centers and other relay stations for information transmission.

Or the recipient. It is the final recipient or user of information.

That is, the channel through which information reaches the recipient. For S and R, the basic channels through which they send and receive information are still the sensory systems of both parties, including vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch, etc. Other channels or technical systems are only expansions, extensions or extensions of these sensory channels. Transform.

It is the carrier on which information is transmitted and communicated. Including language, text, gestures, expressions, tokens, computer language, etc., it also includes the ways and rules of interconnection and organization of various symbolic elements within these symbolic systems.

It is the general term for human brain knowledge and information, including all kinds of knowledge and information created by people. It is the most fundamental source and ultimate destination of information exchange.

It is the guarantee for information exchange to be realized. Including: ① natural conditions, such as the role of light, electricity, and air in transmitting information; ② technical conditions: including various communication technologies, storage, processing technologies, etc.; ③ social conditions: the social security system for information exchange, such as laws , policies, economic conditions, the establishment of information agencies and related organizations.

It means that during the information exchange process, the two parties (S or R) cannot directly transmit the information to the other party (R or S), so they transfer the information exchange behavior to the information stack in society, and the information stack acts as the agent for S or R is used to transmit communication information to complete information exchange. The information stack is called the agent (A), and the stack communication is called social agent communication.

⑴ Direct communication is the direct connection between S-R. Its media system is purely natural and objective, without the intervention of social factors. Social agent communication is communication that is completed with the intervention of the social system. Direct communication is vivid, intuitive, rapid feedback, and short time intervals, while social agent communication does not have these characteristics.

⑵ In direct communication, the source information (that is, the information provided by S) or the demand information (the information proposed by R) is directly communicated and is a direct connection between S or R, and its information content will not be interfered and controlled by the social system. The source information and demand information communicated by social agents need to be represented by A and affected by A. On the other hand, many full-time social agency information agencies have the function of supervising and evaluating the dissemination of information and are relatively rigorous, while direct communication is more arbitrary.

⑶ When S-R communicates directly, it is all synchronic communication, while in social agent communication, there is both synchronic communication and diachronic communication.

⑷ Direct communication is an S-R relationship, and social agency is an S-A-R relationship, but the S-A-R relationship can be converted into an S-R relationship because A is the agent.

⑸ When A has multi-level agents, according to its transitivity characteristics, the one agent directly contacted with it can be regarded as all agents.

In this way, S or A actively transmits the information it produces or collects to an undetermined recipient R in response to the needs of the entire society. Various catalogs, indexes, abstracts and other tools provided on the Internet belong to the multi-directional active delivery mode.

This method is that S or A transfers information to a predetermined recipient R based on investigation and understanding of user needs. Its main form is topic setting service. This is an advanced stage in professional information services. The information delivered is targeted and timely, and its effectiveness can be fully exerted. This method generally means that there is a fixed and relatively close cooperative relationship between S or A and R. S and A understand R's information needs, so that they can provide information accurately and timely.

This method does not have a determined recipient in advance. It is an information service developed by A for the entire society, such as library, information center reading and lending services, website information services, etc. Here, users who come to the information center or library and click on website information are active, while the information transfer itself is passive, so it is also called undirected passive transfer.

This method mainly refers to the information consulting services carried out by S or A. S or A often do not understand who R is and what information they need, but accept R's consultation based on the knowledge, experience and information resources they have. Consultation is a question raised by R, which is passive to S or A, and the object of information transmission is a specific consultant R, so this kind of information transmission is called one-way passive transmission, also called directed passive transmission. .

⑴ Multi-directional active transmission is the most basic and important information transmission among all kinds of information transmission carried out by professional information services. It forms the core of all aspects of information service and information management work, and takes it as the central link to form the work flow of information management.

⑵ Multi-way transmission is generally easier than one-way transmission, because one-way transmission has specific goals and requires A to spend a lot of energy and time to understand the needs of specific users, which naturally increases the difficulty. Active delivery is easier than passive delivery because there is more time to prepare.

⑶ Directed delivery is the ideal goal of information services. Only directed delivery can information be delivered to specific users, thereby maximizing the effectiveness of the information. The largest number of directed transmissions is directed passive transmission. Directed passive transmission is based on multiple active transmissions. In turn, problems and shortcomings in multi-directional active transmission can be discovered, so as to improve them and make the information transmission process All aspects of the process are continuously improved and improved.

⑴In this model, information users are divided into four types, namely:

⑵According to the network information exchange model, the network information exchange process can be divided into three stages:

⑴Traditional information exchange: ①Informal communication: refers to the direct transmission of information between information sources and information users, such as discussions, discussions, reports, exhibitions, demonstrations, visits, etc., with obvious individuality. ②Formal communication: refers to the indirect transmission of information to information users by the information department with the help of the document information system and documents as the medium, such as document collection, arrangement, storage, retrieval, synthesis, research, analysis, provision, etc. The basic The performance is the exchange of documents that have been officially published and distributed, and has an obvious social nature. The main difference between the two is whether the information source and information users transmit information through the document information system and use documents as the medium.

⑵ Information exchange in the network environment can be divided into: formal information exchange and informal information exchange according to whether there is the participation of full-time information personnel. ① In the process of information storage and transmission from information sources to information users, communication with the participation of full-time information personnel is formal communication; ② On the contrary, spontaneous individual communication without the participation of full-time information personnel is informal information exchange. The essence of this division method is based on whether the communication information is filtered and controlled. Strict review and control of the communication information and transmitting it through the information system is the formal communication process, and vice versa is the informal communication process.

⑶ Informal communication in the network environment has some obvious advantages over traditional informal communication: ① Informal communication on the Internet can not be restricted by time and space, is more convenient, and greatly improves the efficiency of communication. ② The interval of informal communication on the Internet is shorter, communication is faster and faster, and it is very convenient to discuss and communicate with peers in real-time. ③The cost of informal communication on the Internet is lower.

We collectively refer to the carriers, tools and platforms required for network information exchange as intermediaries for network information exchange. According to the degree of control that intermediaries have over the content of information exchanges, they can be divided into purely technical intermediaries, content selection control intermediaries and content complete control intermediaries. Correspondingly, network information communication can be divided into zero-stack communication, quasi-stack communication and stacked communication.

⑴①Purely technical intermediary: refers to a technical support system that only provides network information exchange and does not participate in the control of communication content. ②Zero-stack communication: refers to the participation of purely technical intermediaries in the process of network information exchange, which only provides physical and technical support and does not intervene or control the communication content, such as sending E-mail, QQ communication, and WeChat communication , mobile phone text messages, etc.

⑵① Content selection control intermediary: It refers to the intermediary that can filter and control communication content, but only deletes or blocks it without organizing the content, such as BBS, personal websites, blogs, news groups, etc. ② Quasi-stack communication: refers to the communication in which the content selection control intermediary participates. If the intermediary does not filter the communication content, it is equivalent to zero-stack communication for the user; if the intermediary deletes or blocks the communication content Operations are equivalent to stack communication for users.

⑶① Full content control intermediary: refers to an intermediary that collects, controls, organizes, stores, releases and manages network information. ② Stacked communication: refers to network information exchange involving an intermediary with complete content control. Such as major journal database providers, major websites, digital libraries and other institutions. They have a set of rigorous operating specifications for information reception, processing and transmission. They perform quality control, sequencing and other processing on information. They have the strongest control over information content and play a very full role as an information stack in the information exchange process.

⑴Meaning

⑵Features

ResearchGate, Mendely, Academia, Science Network, academic public accounts, etc.

In the process of generation, transmission and utilization of social information flow, we find that information and related factors often show obvious core trends and centralized orientations. For example, a few publishing houses will become the authoritative publishing institutions of certain types of books, and a few authors will write the most because they write the most. The one with the highest citation rate becomes the core author in a certain field, a few websites gather a large number of users, etc. This is the Matthew effect in the generation and distribution of information.

The Matthew Effect is ubiquitous in human society and has been widely extended and applied. The Matthew Effect truly summarizes the inertia in human social life and describes the accumulation process of advantages and disadvantages: once there is an advantage, this advantageous situation will continue to strengthen; conversely, if there is a disadvantage, the disadvantageous conditions will continue. intensified.

The information-enriched distribution caused by the Matthew effect manifests as core trends and concentrated orientations.

⑴ Core trends: For example, the formation of a group of highly productive authors, the increase in information density in journals, and the establishment of high-frequency vocabulary are all the result of the active expectations and practical steps taken by information production entities.

⑵ Concentrated orientation: For example, a paper has been cited many times, a website has been clicked by many users, and certain books have been borrowed frequently. This enrichment is the result of social selection and influence, and information producers are basically in a passive state.

⑴In actual information management work: it can help us highlight key points, abandon averages, provide a basis for the selection, acquisition, evaluation and utilization of information sources, and provide guidance and methods for reducing information management costs and improving information utilization benefits.

⑵ In theory: The advantages described by the Matthew Effect can help us understand the characteristics, trends and laws of information concentration and dispersion, and discover the basic laws of information management.

⑴The Matthew Effect describes the excessive accumulation of advantages and disadvantages of information objects, which easily leads information workers to select, evaluate, disseminate and utilize information based on simple advantages, and goes to extremes, causing information workers to stick to the old ways, not thinking about progress, and not seeking for more. Change and innovate, and engage in complex and ever-changing information management work based on experience and simple rules.

⑵The information distribution enrichment formed by the Matthew effect is sometimes only superficial and external. For example, the number of citations for a paper does not necessarily mean that it has a high value. Some papers with wrong views or controversial views may also have a high citation rate. Some advantage accumulation processes are sudden and affected by statistical factors, which distorts the value of information.

⑶The core information source is the result of the accumulation of Matthew Effect advantages, but if you focus too much on the core information source, you will ignore the valuable information distributed in other information sources. The core information sources (such as core journals) themselves have a development process. If they are not controlled and their advantages in a certain aspect are allowed to accumulate excessively and become highly specialized, the information they contain will become more and more monotonous, which will be detrimental to some users. It may be beneficial, but it will lose more users and is not conducive to information management and information services.

⑷The growth and number of information producers have a great impact on the generation and distribution of information. The Matthew effect favors celebrities and rejects the habitual force of newcomers, which is not conducive to the growth of newcomers and limits the generation and dissemination of new ideas, new knowledge and new information. Taking the field of science and technology as an example, the emergence and growth of so-called outstanding newcomers are very difficult due to the Matthew effect, unless they make epoch-making results that are astonishing. However, step-by-step is the universal law of talent growth, and a blockbuster also requires long-term accumulation, social support, and continuous breakthroughs. It has been proven that the best creative age range for humans is between 25 and 45 years old. However, due to the parallax of the Matthew effect, newcomers in this age group and their achievements have been ignored, and they have not been effectively integrated into the social information flow. .

From the above analysis, it can be seen that the accumulation of the Matthew effect must be moderate and cannot be allowed to develop. In order to ensure that the generation and distribution of information are more scientific and reasonable, appropriate intervention is necessary.

⑴ Literature growth: The aging of literature is first of all linked to the growth of literature. The large increase in documents shows that the growth rate of scientific knowledge is accelerating. New theories, new methods, and new designs are constantly being produced and continuously improved. The original knowledge content was not comprehensive and the incomplete old documents were gradually forgotten by people, and the frequency of citations decreased. If you use the concept of half-life, you will find that the faster the literature grows, the shorter the half-life of the literature is, which accelerates the aging of the literature.

⑵Discipline differences: The aging rates of literature in different disciplines vary greatly. In some disciplines, such as electronics, medicine, chemistry and chemical engineering, due to active research work, new methods and new experiments are constantly needed. More manpower and material resources are invested, and knowledge is updated quickly, so the half-life of documents is short. The development of other disciplines, such as animal and plant taxonomy, geography, etc., is mainly the accumulation of knowledge, not revision, so it is relatively more stable.

⑶Differences in the development stages of disciplines: Even in the same discipline, the half-life of documents is not exactly the same in different periods or stages. The subject is in the early stages of birth and development, and the amount of literature is growing exponentially. The aging of the literature is in line with a negative exponential function, and the corresponding curve is a negative exponential curve. With the deepening of subject research and entering a relatively mature period, the growth of scientific literature no longer continues to maintain the original exponential rate increase. The growth rate of the literature becomes smaller, and its corresponding aging curve also becomes gentle, and the half-life is lengthened.

⑷Information environment and needs: Different information users have different needs for documents. The backbone of scientific research work needs to understand the world's cutting-edge in the subject field and is therefore interested in new documents. Those who have just started working need to understand the background. material. In addition, the age of use of documents is not exactly the same between countries and regions. Scientifically developed countries are interested in the latest, while less developed countries need to learn from the existing results and experiences of other countries.

⑴The growth pattern of the number of web pages on a single website. In a single website that is in the mature stage and only has a formal communication process, the cumulative number of web pages has a quadratic curve growth pattern.

⑵The growth pattern of the number of web pages in a specific subject/topic area. The exponential growth model has strong applicability in studying the growth patterns of online academic information in the subject area of ​​knowledge management in a network environment.

The aging of network information means that the effective value of intelligence in network information gradually decays with the passage of time, and the utilization rate gradually decreases. The main factors causing network information aging include:

⑴The growth of network information. Due to the rapid increase in the total amount of network information, the utilization rate of unit amount of network information decreases, the utility value decreases, and it shows the characteristics of aging.

⑵Update of network information. The emergence of new network information causes the aging of old network information to accelerate.

⑶Disappearance of network information. It means that network information is deleted from the system and can no longer be accessed and used, which means the end of the network information life cycle.

⑷The pragmatic attenuation of network information. Pragmatics refers to the utility value of network information to the recipient. As the receiver's needs are realized, although the objective value of network information does not change, the utility value of the receiver decreases because he has accepted similar information. In addition, the value of network information is limited by time.

⑸Others. Internal factors such as the type, nature and development stage of network information; external factors such as technological progress, changes in user needs and changes in the social environment, etc.

⑴ Refer to the definitions of cited half-life and citation half-life in literature half-life

⑵ Define the half-life of network information based on the characteristics of network information research objects

It refers to the various stages and the entire process that network information goes through from generation to loss of utility value.

⑴Objectivity

⑵Transferability

⑶Activatability

⑴The accumulation of information sources

⑵Complexity of information sources

⑶Reproducibility of information sources

⑷Sharing of information sources

⑴Printing type: including lead printing, mimeograph, offset printing, woodblock printing, etc. This is a traditional form with a long history. Due to the convenience of reading and use, it is still widely circulated and has become the main form of disseminating information. Its disadvantages are that it is large in size, heavy in weight, takes up a lot of space for collection, and is difficult to manage.

⑵Microfilm: Generally refers to documents and materials that use photosensitive materials as carriers and use optical recording technology to reduce printed documents in proportion, including microfilm, microfilm, microfilm cards and other microforms.

⑶Computer reading type: It converts text and images into binary digital codes and records them on carriers such as tapes, disks, or optical disks. When reading, the computer outputs it and converts it into text or images. It can store large amounts of information and retrieve the required information very quickly.

⑷Network type: Network information source: It is a new type of digital information resource. It is the sum of various information resources that can be utilized through the network. It refers to all information in various forms such as text, images, sounds, animations, etc. in the form of electronic data. Resources stored in optical, magnetic and other non-paper media carriers and reproduced through network communications, computers or terminals. It is directly generated, published, stored and disseminated online, such as various online books and periodicals, online news, website information, etc., and can be downloaded and stored on other carriers.

⑴ Primary information: All original information produced in scientific research, production, operation, culture and other various activities is called primary information, such as journal articles, research reports, market survey reports, patent specifications and various network information.

⑵Secondary information: It is a type of information generated after processing and sorting primary information, such as bibliography, bibliography, introduction, abstract and other forms of retrieval tools. The important role of secondary information is not only in reporting, but more importantly, in providing clues for finding primary information.

⑶ Tertiary information: It is information generated through analysis and synthesis based on primary and secondary information. People often refer to this type of information as the results of information analysis research, such as reviews, reviews, annual subject summaries, literature guides, bibliographic books, etc.

Books, journals, conference materials, specialized reports, patent materials, government publications, dissertations, product samples, archives, standards, news newspapers, etc.

The evaluation of information content is the judgment and estimation of the inherent quality of information resources. It is the most fundamental and widely applicable evaluation dimension and mainly involves the four indicators of correctness, completeness, relevance, and novelty.

Information is mainly expressed and transmitted through symbols, and information users can only understand and utilize information through the form of information expression. Therefore, the expression form of information is an important dimension to evaluate the quality of information resources, including the four basic evaluation indicators of accuracy, understandability, simplicity and standardization of information expression.

The information resource system is composed of various information resource activity elements. The performance of the system is a direct reflection of the quality of the information. The evaluation dimensions based on information resource systems mainly involve three indicators: information accessibility, rapid response and reliability.

This is an evaluation of information quality from the perspective of information users. This evaluation method can identify target users and find the direct gap between the content of information resources and user expectations. It mainly includes three important indicators: availability, appropriateness and value-addedness of information.

⑴ The evaluation of information sources must achieve two goals: ① Determine which information carrier and information source the information is obtained from; ② Determine the intention and reliability of the information.

⑵After collecting various information, first sort them according to the type of information source. Then check whether the information carried by various information sources is correct and reliable, whether there are certain restrictions attached, etc. Organizing information according to information sources not only allows a good grasp of its classification categories, but also enables systematic testing and evaluation of the meaning and value of the information.

⑶In addition, various types of information sources can also be divided according to the purpose of using the information sources. For information sources that are comprehensively utilized, the forms of comprehensive utilization should also be separated by category according to their different purposes. This can order the information sources and conduct regular information tracking and monitoring on those with higher usage rates.

⑴Qualitative evaluation method

⑵Quantitative evaluation method

⑶ Comprehensive evaluation method

⑴Clear evaluation goals

⑵Analysis, argumentation and evaluation objects

⑶ List and evaluate plans

⑷Choose the best solution

⑸Evaluate

The acquisition rate is used to measure the completeness of the collection of relevant information. It refers to the proportion of all relevant information contained in an information system to all relevant information inside and outside the system at that time. The information collection rate can be expressed as: P=r/R

The accuracy rate is used to measure the pertinence of information collection. It refers to the proportion of all relevant information contained in an information system among all the information in the system at that time. E=r/Q

Timeliness is used to measure the speed of information collection, that is, the ability to complete the information collection process in the shortest time. It is calculated by the total time spent on each step of the collection process, from the generation of information to its entry into the information base. T=∑(i=1,n)t

The expense ratio is used to measure the financial efficiency of information collection and refers to the minimum ability to spend per unit of information in the information database. It depends on the organization of the collection process, the technical equipment of each link and other factors. C=F/G

The labor consumption rate of information collection refers to the minimum amount of labor consumed per unit of information collected by the information system, and can be calculated by the total labor consumption of all links in the collection process. L=∑(i=1,n)li

⑴The purpose of any information service agency collecting information is to provide it for use. Therefore, the scope and focus of information collection must be determined in a targeted manner based on the nature, tasks and service objects of the agency.

⑵In order to collect information accurately, information needs and information sources must be carefully investigated. ① First, it is necessary to clarify the scope of the service objects of the information institution, as well as their economic, technological, cultural and other history, current situation, trends and their demand and utilization of information; ② Secondly, it is necessary to clarify the distribution of the information they need Situation; ③Finally figure out through what channels and what carriers to obtain this information. In this way, we can be well-informed when collecting information, strengthen pertinence, and avoid blindness.

⑴In order for the information service system to effectively carry out information services and meet the information needs of users, it needs to track the development process of science, technology and national economy, understand and master the dynamic changes of information sources, and systematically and continuously collect and accumulate relevant information. The continuity and systematicity of information are the prerequisites for information to exert its effectiveness, which can be divided into vertical systems and horizontal systems. The vertical system accumulates according to products, processes, disciplines, majors or topics; the horizontal system accumulates according to the carrier or type of information.

⑵ Only by continuously and systematically collecting and accumulating information can the effectiveness of information services be fully exerted. In particular, the collection of key information sources should strive to remain systematic, coherent and complete. If the information collected and accumulated by an information service system lacks continuity, systematicness and integrity, it will not be able to meet the needs of users when needed, thus causing the information service to lose credibility.

⑴ As the growth and aging of information continue to accelerate, when collecting information, we must not only pay full attention to existing information sources and information channels, but also focus on the future and foresee possible new information sources and information channels. Only in this way can we not only meet the current information needs, but also adapt to the information needs brought about by future development.

⑵ To this end, we should pay close attention to the development level, trends and trends of science, technology and economy, keep an eye on the emergence and development of new information sources and information channels, predict the concentration and dispersion, growth and aging trends of information sources, and fully estimate the future needs of users. information needs, collect information in a predictive manner, and improve the initiative of information services.

Contemporary information sources are huge in number, in various forms, with repetitive and scattered content, and in various varieties, which brings great difficulties to the selection and collection of information. Therefore, it is necessary to frequently use scientific methods to study the distribution patterns of information sources, and select and determine information sources with high information density and large information content.

⑴ Any information organization that wants to use limited manpower, material resources and funds to obtain the most effective information sources must formulate a relatively thorough and detailed information collection plan in advance so that information can be collected in a purposeful and step-by-step manner according to the plan.

⑵Information collection plans can be divided into long-term, medium-term and short-term plans or annual and quarterly plans from the perspective of time; from the perspective of content, they can be divided into comprehensive plans, special plans and supplementary plans. The items of the collection plan generally include: the content scope of the collected information, the division and proportion of key information and general information, procurement standards, budget, main measures and guarantees for completing the plan, etc.

Procurement is a regular, stable, systematic and effective way to collect and obtain information, and is very suitable for both groups and individuals. Procurement includes specific methods such as ordering, cash purchase, mail order, entrusted purchase, etc. You can choose according to the purchase scale and your own needs.

The survey method can not only obtain recorded information sources, but also non-recorded information sources, especially zero-time information. The investigation includes both interviews and on-site inspection and collection of physical objects and sites, such as on-site surveys, interviews, questionnaire distribution, sample collection, etc.

Use the information sources owned by this system to exchange with other units or systems, adjust and complement each other, and expand information sources, including traditional document information exchange and network information or data exchange.

For unpublished information or information sources that are not circulated through formal channels, as well as information sources that have been published or publicly circulated but are not detailed, complete and comprehensive enough, we can obtain them through correspondence or direct contact as needed and possible. A way to become a request.

That is, querying the required information from various databases and information systems manually or by computer. Manual search mainly obtains clues to information sources through various search tools. If original information is needed, a secondary search is also required. Computer retrieval can not only obtain clues to the information source, but also directly obtain the original information.

Use a web robot or web spider to regularly go to designated websites to automatically crawl part or all of the web information.

The Internet is an open data transmission platform with a huge number of information resources of various types, such as academic, business, government, personal, entertainment, news information, etc. On the one hand, it provides users with a large space for information selection; on the other hand, a large amount of worthless and redundant information also brings a lot of trouble to users.

Due to the development of network technology, compared with traditional information sources, network information sources change more rapidly and novelly, and the amount of data is constantly increasing.

The Internet has information resources with rich forms of expression, such as sounds, images, text, videos, animations, etc. While expressed in multimedia forms, the interactivity between users and information has been greatly enhanced.

Network information sources use hyperlinks to form a three-dimensional network information chain, linking information from different countries, different regions, different contents, and different formats through nodes, thereby enhancing the correlation between information. But at the same time, the state of disorder is also increasingly prominent.

As an important way to organize network information and an important tool for network information retrieval, search engines build their own databases by extracting information from various websites on the Internet and provide query services to users. It generally consists of three parts: information searcher , indexer, retriever.

(Search engine: refers to a retrieval tool that accepts user questions, searches the database, and feeds back information objects matching the user questions to the user. Broadly speaking, a search engine not only refers to the retrieval program itself, but also refers to the retrieval interface, related the portals, programs, and index databases and services that support it).

Digital library: A library whose collections are stored in digital format and can be accessed using computers. Digital content can be stored locally or accessed remotely via a computer network. A digital library can be said to be an information retrieval system.

(Digital library: A physical or virtual information institution or group of information institutions that preserves electronic documents stored in digital format, transmits the stored digital information through computers and networks, and provides virtual links to online information and provides services.)

The main resource types of digital libraries include: ① Full-text resources, including electronic journals, electronic books, electronic newspapers, open works retrieval, publication and archiving databases, electronic PhD and master's theses, electronic archives, etc.; ② Secondary literature and bibliographic information, Including online search catalogs, abstract index databases, etc.; ③ Multimedia resources, including independent static images, dynamic images, audio recordings, animations, etc.

Subject information portal: It is a single entrance or channel for users to access the resources and services of a certain subject. It is a network service that is used to complete the high-level organization and integration of network resource content in this discipline and the aggregation of network applications, and integrate these resources and applications into a customizable and personalized interface to meet the needs of each end user. need. From a user's perspective, it is the starting site or entrance for users of a certain discipline to access the network resources and services of that discipline.

The core features of the subject information portal: ① Integration of information and applications; ② One-stop cross-system retrieval; ③ Simple unified interface; ④ Customizable.

In the context of big data, government agencies and alliances have formulated countermeasures to deal with big data strategies, with open data as an important component or even core. In the field of scientific research, open data is becoming a key player in promoting digital scholarly communication and scientific research. In line with the development trend of open data and driven by policies from all parties, more and more research data warehousing platforms have been established and provide public access to data.

Social question and answer platform: also known as question and answer community or question and answer platform, etc., it is a community-based platform that encourages user participation to achieve online interaction. Its essence is to realize user interaction through information sharing and dissemination and the disclosure of the question and answer process and results. collaboration among them.

Information organization: also known as information sorting, is the use of certain rules, methods and technologies to reveal and describe the external characteristics and content characteristics of information, and arrange them according to given parameters and sequence formulas, so that information can be transformed from an unordered set into The process of ordered collection.

⑴External characteristics of information

⑵Content characteristics of information

⑴Information selection

⑵Information analysis

⑶Information description and disclosure

⑷Information storage

① Text information organization ② Image information organization ③ Sound information organization ④ Video information organization

① Primary information organization ② Secondary information organization ③ Tertiary information organization

① Document information source organization ② Network information source organization

⑴The principle of objectivity takes the lead in determining that the data source for information description and disclosure must be the objectively existing information itself. At the same time, the principle of objectivity also puts forward corresponding requirements for our specific information organization work:

⑵In information organization, we cannot damage the original function of information, do not distort the information itself, and do not dismember the information itself. You cannot add some inaccurate thoughts and opinions artificially without any basis, and you must reflect the objective characteristics of the information completely, comprehensively and accurately.

⑶The principle of objectivity also requires us to continuously track the development and changes of information sources and information organization technology, so that information organization remains objective and consistent with changes in conditions and changes in the environment.

⑴ Without systematic information organization work, it is impossible to achieve its overall goal. In order to achieve systematic information organization, we must grasp four relationships:

①The relationship between macro information organization and micro information organization. Information organizations must not only base themselves on their own actual conditions, but also consider the market share and division of labor of information organizations within a larger scope, thereby forming a complete macro-information organization work system.

②The relationship between the information organization department and other departments. It is necessary to pay attention to the collaborative relationship between various departments within the information organization, especially the relationship with the two types of departments engaged in information collection and information dissemination, as well as the administrative department that conducts daily management of the organization, so as to ensure that information can be ensured in an environment where the information organization operates well. The one-stop workflow of collection - information organization - information retrieval - information dissemination is smooth.

③The relationship between various aspects of information organization work. The information organization work itself also has multiple links. Maintaining the normal connection of each link will help the information organization work to be closely linked. Among them, special attention should be paid to the basic position of information analysis and description, which is the key to information disclosure and storage. necessary preparations.

④The relationship between different information processing methods. Due to the particularity of information itself, when organizing a certain type of information, we must be fully satisfied with this particularity, but we must also fully grasp the great similarities of various information processing methods, and use unified and standardized processing as much as possible method.

⑵ Using systematic perspectives and methods to coordinate and manage information organization work will help bring into play the overall advantages of information organization and also help realize the overall function of information organization.

⑴ Information organization has a clear purpose and must work around the information needs of users, pay attention to the demand status and changing characteristics of the target market of the information organization, and meet the principle of cost-benefit symmetry.

⑵ Therefore, information organization work must actively carry out user research, fully understand user needs, and improve information organization methods so that information organization results can greatly facilitate user selection and utilization.

⑶ In addition, in order to achieve the goals of information organization, attention must also be paid to the planning and long-term nature of information work, as well as the adaptability to the nature, characteristics and capabilities of the information organization itself.

⑴The principle of modernization of information organization includes two aspects: modernization of ideological concepts and modernization of technical means.

⑵The modernization of ideological concepts of information organization is concentrated in the standardization of information organization. The standardization of information organization is mainly reflected in the unity of information organization work, the standardization of information organization methods, the compatibility of information organization systems and the universality of information organization results. The standardization of information organization mainly includes: ① basic terminology standards; ② relevant information technology standards; ③ information organization technology standards, and ④ other related standards.

⑶ The modernization of technical means of information organization has fully proved that the widespread promotion and application of modern information technology in information organization has formed an irreversible direction of automation of information organization. Automatic indexing, automatic generation of secondary information and database construction have become relatively mature at present. Information organization automation results. The modernization of technical means of information organization has changed the traditional manual methods, greatly improved work efficiency and work quality, better met the diverse information needs of users, and is in line with the general trend of information management development.

Language is the most important communication symbol system for human beings and the carrier of information. To organize complex and scattered information into an orderly and optimized whole, a symbol system must be established. With this symbol system, the orderly characteristics of the information system can be reflected. Although the forms of various information organization symbol systems are different, they all share the same characteristics as natural language: words, vocabulary, and grammar. This is the linguistic basis of information organization.

Logic is the science of the laws of thinking. Thinking has two forms: image thinking and abstract thinking. Information organization belongs to the scope of abstract thinking and is carried out on the basis of various concepts. Therefore, it must follow scientific thinking methods, such as deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning, comparison, analysis and synthesis, etc. Only when the behavior of information organization conforms to the laws of logical thinking can the optimization and ordering of information organization be ensured.

Any in-depth information resource organization system requires organizing and revealing the relationships between subject contents. This requires based on the results of existing knowledge classification. Knowledge classification system is a discipline that studies the structure of knowledge systems and is an important basis for processing relationships between topics. Information organization is based on knowledge classification, which can better reveal the relationships and regularities between knowledge in various fields and reflect the progress of knowledge fields in a timely manner.

Systems theory believes that the various elements within the system are not a simple combination, but are interconnected and organically combined. In information organization, people need to organize a large amount of scattered and messy information into a system and establish internal correlations so that the overall function of the information system is greater than the sum of the functions of each information unit. This will give full play to the value and role of information resources.

Dissipative structure theory believes that the internal non-equilibrium of the system is the source of order, and open systems increase and maintain order by exchanging matter and energy with the outside world. Since the information system has the basic characteristics of openness and non-equilibrium such as input, output, multiple cycles and feedback, we believe that the information system is a dissipative structure system. It exchanges information with the outside world, collects information, Information is also output, and dissipative structure theory can be used to guide the development, organization, and utilization of information systems.

An information system is an open system composed of multiple subsystems. How to establish a synergy mechanism between subsystems to transform the information system from disorder to order is an important content in the research of information organization. Therefore, synergy theory is also an important part of information organization. One of the theoretical foundations.

Self-organization means that the system can organize, create and evolve on its own without external instructions, that is, it can move from disorder to order autonomously. Any system that can achieve the transition from disorder to order without resorting to external control and maintain a stable and ordered state is called a self-organizing system. The rapid development of information technology has made information systems significantly equipped with the conditions for self-organization. In particular, network information has the openness of a self-organizing system and is far away from equilibrium and non-linear correlation. Therefore, studying information self-organization theory is of great significance to network information organization. Very important theoretical and practical significance.

Classification: It is a common method for building an orderly information system. It is a method of classifying and systematically organizing and revealing resources according to their content attributes and other characteristics. It uses classification numbers to express various concepts, and classifies and systematically arranges various concepts according to the nature of the subject.

⑴It is organized according to the interrelationship of information content characteristics.

⑵ It organizes and reveals information resources from a certain perspective.

⑶ Use certain marking symbols as a sorting tool.

"Dewey Decimal Classification" (DDC), "International Decimal Classification" (UDC), (Chinese Library Classification) ("CLC"), the United States "Library of Congress Classification" (LCC), "Colon Classification" Law (CC)

Theme method: refers to a method of indexing and retrieving information that directly uses words that represent the subject of information resources, provides a word order search method, and mainly uses a reference system to reveal the relationship between words. It is another method of indexing and retrieving information resources from a content perspective in addition to taxonomies.

⑴Concentrate information resources around specific things, issues, and objects, that is, with the theme as the center.

⑵ Use words directly as information organization and retrieval identifiers.

⑶ Use word order as the main search method.

1) Title method

2) Unit lexicon

3) Thesaurus

4) Keyword method

The classification method is highly systematic, indexing and organizing information from the perspective of ethnic characteristics, and is in line with people's thinking and retrieval habits; the topic method is relatively intuitive, indexing information from the perspective of characteristics, and providing a direct object-oriented approach. , facts, and concepts information organization methods. The two form an organic combination, learn from each other's strengths and complement each other's weaknesses, and can better meet the different needs of information organization and retrieval.

The integrated thesaurus of classification topics established on the basis of classification tables and thesauruses includes a classification system that arranges and organizes topic concepts according to subject systems and logical systems, and also includes a system of arranging topic concepts in alphabetical order and using a reference system. An organized subject law system, they are two cooperating and independent subsystems in a unified system. (Used to meet the needs of both classification indexing and subject indexing) "Chinese Classification Subject Thesaurus" is a large-scale, comprehensive thesaurus compiled by my country on the basis of absorbing advanced classification subject integration theories and technologies from abroad. Vocabulary list.

Information indexing: refers to the process of analyzing the content attributes and related appearance attributes of information objects, and expressing the analyzed attributes or characteristics in a specific language as the basis for information storage and retrieval. It is developed based on the analysis of document information objects, so it is also called document indexing. The information indexing process generally includes two links: one is topic analysis, and the other is conversion identification.

1) The concept of indexing language

2) Classification of indexing languages

⑴The type of information indexing depends on the type of indexing language used to express the document content. Therefore, information indexing is mainly divided into two types: classification indexing and subject indexing.

⑵According to the order of time when indexing marks are combined, information indexing can also be divided into first group indexing, last group indexing and scattered group indexing; according to the degree of control of indexing marks, it can also be divided into controlled indexing. Indexing and natural language indexing.

⑴ Concept

⑵Features

⑶Several typical MARC standards

FRBR studies the relationship between the functional requirements of bibliographic records, diverse user needs, and diverse data types, and uses the entity-relationship model (E-R) to build a conceptual model that reveals the bibliographic structure and relationships.

RDA is a standard for description cataloging. RDA is based on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) and the Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD) published by IFLA. As the successor of the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules (Second Edition) (AACRⅡ), RDA provides a set of Guidelines and instructions on how to develop data to support resource discovery, covering all types of content and media.

BIBFRAME is the abbreviation of Bibliographic Framework. It is a bibliographic description data model developed by the Library of Congress (LC) based on associated data rules to replace the MARC format. 2.0 includes three core categories: creative works, instances, and single items, as well as key concepts such as agents, themes, and events.

⑴The concept of metadata

⑵The role of metadata

⑴ Concept

⑵Category

⑶Advantages of Dublin Core

VRA core categories, PICS, Web Collections, CDF channel definition format, MCF metadata framework, RDF resource description framework

⑴General Markup Language Standard (SGML)

⑵Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

⑶Extensible Markup Language (XML)

RDF: Using Extensible Markup Language (XML), a subset of the Standard General Markup Language (SGML), it is a description framework that can be understood by both humans and machines. It provides a powerful mechanism for expressing, exchanging and utilizing metadata, enabling interoperability between various metadata systems.

It is a recommended standard for the conceptual framework representation of knowledge organization systems published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Provides a simple and feasible standard description scheme for describing knowledge organization systems. It has the characteristics of simplicity, versatility, and easy expansion. SKOS is mainly used to represent various relatively simple network knowledge organization systems, such as thesaurus, taxonomy, subject thesaurus, glossary and other types of conceptual frameworks.

⑴DDC

⑵UDC

⑴ Due to the complexity of network information, the classification and organization model of network information is more diverse. Some websites adopt a multi-dimensional classification model to meet the needs of network information organization and retrieval, specifically represented by website classification directories (indexes) and web page classification indexes.

⑵Characteristics of the network’s self-compiled classification system (Compared to traditional document classification)

⑴Thesaurus, also known as thesaurus, is a vocabulary management tool for thesaurus method. It is an index vocabulary that provides standardized thesaurus and its semantic relationship information for users who use thesaurus method to index and retrieve information. Online display of networked thesauruses is one of the main forms of application of thesauruses in the network environment, including the digitization of original printed thesauruses and digitized thesauruses compiled and produced in a digital environment.

⑵According to function and usefulness, thesauri in the network environment can be divided into two types: ① independent thesaurus; ② thesauri integrated in a database or information retrieval system.

1. Due to the huge number of network resources, the use of standardized languages ​​will greatly increase the cost of information organization and reduce the efficiency of text processing. The automatic word processing technology of network information directly extracts keywords from the text title or body as information organization identifiers. Compared with thesaurus, keywords are an uncontrolled or less controlled standard language. Therefore, keyword technology is widely used in information organization in Internet search engines and other information systems.

2. Automatic indexing software in Internet search engines such as Robot and Spider all use keyword technology. Search engines such as Google, Baidu, and Bing that we are familiar with use the keyword method to organize network information. In addition, some literature databases on the Internet also widely use word tag systems, allowing users to browse literature by category while also browsing from Search entries such as title, author, article title, etc. use keywords as search identifiers to search.

⑴ Concept

⑵Advantages:

⑶Disadvantages:

⑴ Concept

⑵Advantages

⑶Disadvantages

⑴ Concept

⑵Advantages

⑶Disadvantages

⑴ Concept

⑵Advantages

⑶Disadvantages

The practice of a company or organization outsourcing work tasks formerly performed by employees on a free and voluntary basis to an unspecified (and often large) mass network. Crowdsourcing integrates computers and the unknown masses on the Internet to complete tasks that are difficult for machines to handle alone.

①Wiki: It is a hypertext system that is open on the Internet and allows for collaborative creation by many people.

②Tag: Tag is also called tag technology, which is used to describe the classification identification of information content. Generally, a tag is a natural language vocabulary. Each label can be created and modified voluntarily by the user, and the label is shareable, and users can access the information marked by the label. (With the application of information self-organizing technologies such as tags, Folksnomy began to appear and gradually became a new network information classification and organization method that cannot be ignored.)

Knowledge representation methods of expert systems: logical representation, production rule representation, semantic network representation, framework representation, and object-oriented knowledge representation.

Representation of literature knowledge: classification indexing method and subject indexing method.

⑴Meaning

⑵The core composition of the information organization mechanism of the Semantic Web

⑴Meaning

⑵Characteristics of ontology-based network information organization

Linked data: It is a method of publishing data on the World Wide Web proposed by the inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee, and is an implementation method of the Semantic Web. It generally requires the adoption of the RDF data model, the use of Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) to name data entities, and the publication and deployment of sample data and class data so that these data can be exposed and obtained through the HTTP protocol.

⑴Meaning

⑵Function

⑶Classification

⑴Divided according to the content of the search object

⑵Divided by search method

⑶Divided according to search requirements

⑷Divided by search time span

⑸Divided according to the information expression form of the search object

⑴Relevance of information retrieval

⑵Uncertainty of information retrieval

⑶The logic of information retrieval

Information resource collection refers to a collection of information related to a certain field that has been selectively collected, organized and processed. In order to ensure the speed and efficiency of information retrieval, it is necessary to perform some formal processing on the collection of information resources to form their characteristic representation, that is, to analyze and index them so that the original hidden and difficult-to-identify features are displayed. Personalize it and obtain corresponding identification (such as classification number, subject heading, etc.). Storing these analyzed and extracted features and their identifiers forms an index database, which becomes the basis and standard for organizing and searching for information resources.

The collection of information needs of many users in different forms forms a collection of information needs. The information requirements put forward by users also need to be characterized, that is, the content of the requirements is analyzed, the subject concepts or other attributes are extracted, and the same identification system (i.e., retrieval language) as the information resource collection is used to represent the concepts contained in the requirements. and attributes, so as to obtain the characteristic representation of user needs - question-formation.

In order to quickly obtain the information and knowledge required by users from a collection of information resources, information retrieval is required to provide a "matching" mechanism. The main function of this mechanism is to compare and judge the information demand set and the information resource set based on a certain similarity standard, and then select information that meets the user's needs. On the basis of the characteristic representation of the information resource collection and the combination of information requirements, the matching between them is simplified to the matching between the question and the established ordered index library.

The Boolean retrieval model uses Boolean algebra and set theory methods, uses Boolean expressions to express user questions, and retrieves documents through logical operations on document identifiers and question formulas. The most commonly used logical operators are Boolean logical operators. The main logical operators are logical "AND", logical "OR", and logical "NOT". They are AND (or *), OR (or), NOT (-) respectively. express.

Advantages: There are fewer logical operators, and the question structure is simple and easy to modify; Disadvantages: There is no weight difference between keywords in the search, the search results are not ranked by importance, the recall rate is difficult to control, and the user's semantic extraction ability is required to be high.

The vector space retrieval model is a new type of retrieval model constructed using linear algebra theory and methods. Its basic premise is to regard both retrieval documents and retrieval questions as a set of numerical vectors. These values ​​form a space vector graph, thus converting the document and question matching process in information retrieval into document vectors and questions in vector space. Vector similarity calculation problem. The relevance of a certain document to a certain question is determined by retrieving the similarity between the vector pairs.

The probabilistic model is an information retrieval model that is simple to implement and has good effects. Its basic idea is: given a user asking a question, there is an ideal result set in the retrieval system that only contains documents related to the question, denoted as R. If we can know the characteristics and description of the set R, we can find all relevant documents and exclude all irrelevant documents.

Fuzzy retrieval treats documents as questions related to a certain extent. For each indexing word, there is a fuzzy collection of documents related to it. For a given indexing word, each document is represented by a membership function. The degree of correlation with the word, that is, the membership degree, takes a value on [0, 1], 0 means not relevant, 1 means completely relevant, the larger the value, the higher the correlation.

⑴Information retrieval originated from document indexing and library reference work. The symbol of the emergence of reference work was the first conference of the American Library Association held in 1876. By the 1940s, "information retrieval" developed into an independent user service work, and gradually developed from simple experience work to professionalization.

⑵ During this stage of development, manual information retrieval activities have achieved fruitful results and laid a solid foundation for the development of computerized information retrieval in the next period. These achievements are mainly reflected in: ① A large number of high-quality abstract retrieval tools have been compiled and put into use. For example, "Engineering Index", "Science Abstracts", "Chemical Abstracts", etc.; ② The creation and testing activities of search languages ​​​​are very active, and classification languages ​​​​such as DDC and UDC have appeared; in terms of topics, grouped title languages ​​​​first, and then grouped Search languages ​​such as formula unit language, descriptor language, and citation language have emerged one after another.

⑴Search tools: catalogs, indexes, abstracts, yearbooks, manuals, encyclopedias

⑶Search method: forward search method, reverse search method, spot check method, retrospective method, circular method

⑴ The mechanical information retrieval system started in the 1950s. A mechanical system that uses various mechanical devices to perform information retrieval is a transitional stage from manual retrieval to modern information retrieval. Mechanical retrieval mainly includes two basic types: ① Electromechanical information retrieval system: an information retrieval system that uses electromechanical equipment such as punching machines, hole inspection machines, and sorting machines to record secondary documents, and uses brushes as retrieval elements. ② Photoelectric information retrieval system: A system that uses microphotography to record secondary documents and uses photoelectric retrieval elements to search for documents.

⑵ Features: The mechanical information retrieval system used the advanced mechanical devices at the time to improve the storage and retrieval of information and promote the automation of information retrieval; however, it did not develop an information retrieval language, and relied too much on equipment, making the retrieval complex and costly. , the retrieval efficiency and quality are not ideal. It was quickly replaced by rapidly developing computer retrieval systems.

⑴ Mechanical and electrical information retrieval system: Mechanical information retrieval was initially developed gradually from simple punched cards. Following the manual inspection of punched cards, machine inspection of punched cards and card selection machines appeared, which formed an electromechanical information retrieval system.

⑵ Optoelectronic information retrieval system: Optoelectronic information retrieval system mainly appears in the form of microfilm retrieval, which can be roughly divided into two types: addressing retrieval method and coding retrieval method.

With the advent of computers in 1946, information retrieval entered the computer retrieval stage. The development of computer information systems has gone through different development stages such as early offline batch retrieval, later online real-time retrieval, and more powerful online networked information retrieval.

⑴ Offline batch retrieval (1954-1965): In the early days of development, computer technology was still relatively backward, and data storage and data communication capabilities were relatively poor. The basic feature of information retrieval was "offline batch processing", which is represented by: input into the computer Almost all information is stored on magnetic tapes, and retrieval questions are stored on punched paper tapes or punched cards. Retrieval results cannot be obtained immediately and must wait for batch or regular retrieval processing.

⑵Online real-time retrieval (1965-1975): In the mid-to-late 1960s, with the emergence of the third generation of computers - integrated circuit computers, the advent and use of high-density mass random access memories - disks and disk drives, information Search has entered the era of human-computer conversational online real-time search. The performance is as follows: the host computer of the information retrieval center is connected to the long-distance retrieval terminal via a telephone line to form an online real-time retrieval system. Users can communicate with the retrieval system through the retrieval terminal and can obtain the retrieval results instantly on the terminal screen.

⑶Online networked retrieval (1975-1991): In the mid-to-late 1970s, large-scale integrated circuit and very large-scale integrated circuit technology, database technology, especially modern communication technology based on packet switching networks, etc., brought online retrieval into the field. Online network development stage.

The main characteristics of the computer information retrieval period are: ① Various machine-readable databases are used as search objects; ② Various information institutes and online service centers exist as emerging information service departments; ③ Information retrieval users gradually shift from professional search personnel to personal terminals User transfer and diffusion, the social popularity of information retrieval is increasing day by day.

⑴Online information retrieval

⑵ Optical disc information retrieval: Optical disc is a storage carrier that uses laser beams to record and reproduce information after paper, microfilm, and magnetic storage. The optical disc used for retrieval and reading is usually a read-only optical disc. It is an information carrier, and retrieval and utilization of the information in it requires the cooperation of a computer.

Features: ① The use of the optical disc retrieval system can avoid the use of telecommunications equipment and errors caused by communication line transmission; ② The optical disc system provides users with software equivalent to the functions of the online information retrieval system, and provides menu drivers and There are two command-driven methods; ③ CDs have large storage capacity, are durable, and have low copying costs; ④ can combine text, graphics, images, sounds and dynamic images; ⑤ If the CD database is not large enough, the information resources will be limited. Purchasing large quantities of databases is subject to financial constraints; ⑥ In terms of timeliness of information needs, CD-ROM retrieval is not as good as online retrieval systems, because CD-ROMs can only be provided regularly; ⑦ Database costs are high.

After the 1990s, marked by the emergence of the Internet, most systems adopted distributed network management, and information processing changed from traditional models to new models. These changes have caused the mainstream platform of information retrieval to quickly shift to a network application environment with the Web as the core. On the one hand, the emerging opportunity Web search engine system is increasingly widely used; on the other hand, traditional online retrieval systems, various database retrieval systems and their information service businesses are gradually expanding and shifting to distributed network structure characteristics. On the Web platform, a WWW site is opened for network users and provides rich functional services.

The characteristics of network information retrieval: ① The amount of information is larger and different languages ​​need to be processed; ② The scope of information retrieval is wider (multi-disciplinary, multi-field); ③ The timeliness requirements of information query are higher; ④ The search results are The accuracy rate is higher and the accuracy rate is lower.

Analyzing and studying information retrieval topics is the fundamental starting point for determining information retrieval strategies, and is also the key to retrieval efficiency and success.

Its main contents include: ① Clarify the fields and scope involved in the information retrieval topic; ② Clarify the content of the required information and its content characteristics; ③ Clarify the type of information required, including document media, publication type, amount of documents required, and age. Scope, languages ​​involved, relevant authors and institutions, etc.

Information retrieval tools are cards, tables, computer information systems and specific publications that are processed and compiled by people to report, reveal, store and find information in order to fully, accurately and effectively utilize existing information resources. There are many types of information retrieval tools of all kinds. You only need to choose those high-quality information retrieval tools that are relevant to the topic and meet the time requirements.

Specific types of information retrieval tools can be divided into two categories according to their uses: ① Indicative clue-type information retrieval tools (secondary literature), including bibliographies, collection catalogs, index abstracts, reference book guides, and dictionaries. ② Reference books (tertiary documents) that provide specific information, including encyclopedias, biographical materials, manuals, institutional directories, geographical data, statistical data, yearbooks, and government documents. Currently, most search tools exist in computer information systems or are distributed on the Internet.

The method used to accomplish any given task is important, and information retrieval is no exception. Commonly used information retrieval methods include forward search method, reverse search method, spot check method, retrospective method, circular method, etc. Each information retrieval method has its own characteristics. In practice, it can be selected or used in combination according to the information retrieval requirements. Complete information retrieval tasks quickly and accurately to achieve expected goals.

After analyzing and studying the information retrieval questions, determining the search scope, and selecting retrieval tools and methods, information retrieval can be implemented. When obtaining information clues, read carefully to determine whether the detected information meets the retrieval requirements. If the detected information meets the requirements, it is necessary to record the relevant characteristics of the information material, such as the title of the article, the author and work unit, the source of the information, etc., in order to find the original information.

Obtaining original information is the last step of information retrieval and is very important to achieve the ultimate goal of information retrieval.

Its main tasks include: ① Determining the publication type of documents; ② Organizing the source of documents; ③ Searching the collection catalog or joint catalog in libraries or information institutions to determine the collection according to the publication type. ④ Obtain original information from as many channels and methods as possible.

In a broad sense: it refers to the process of selecting a search system and search tools, clarifying search approaches and methods, determining the logical relationship between search terms and the best solution for search steps on the basis of analyzing the substantive content of the search topic and clarifying the search goals. Series scientific arrangement.

In a narrow sense: it refers to the construction of retrieval question expressions, that is, using the specific retrieval technology of the retrieval system to determine the logical relationship between search terms to form a retrieval question expression that expresses the user's information needs.

⑴At the superficial operational level, retrieval language is used to describe the characteristics of documents and information content in documents, convert document information into certain document identifiers, and constitute various retrieval methods of the information retrieval system; at the same time, it is also used to describe Retrieve the characteristics of the question and the required content, and convert the question into a certain question identifier or search identifier so that specific document information can be found in the retrieval system. From this level, an information retrieval language is a logical semantic tool designed to express various things.

⑵ At a deeper principle level, information retrieval language can link document indexing and retrieval questions, link indexers and searchers, and link document information storage and retrieval to achieve common understanding and mutual understanding between the two. correspond.

⑴Describe the characteristics of information content

⑵Describe information content characteristics

⑴ Recall rate R: It refers to a measurement index that measures the ability of an information retrieval system to detect relevant documents when performing a certain retrieval operation. It refers to the percentage of the number of relevant documents detected to the total number of relevant documents in the system. The recall rate reflects the comprehensiveness of the search, and its complement is the missed search rate. The calculation method is: R=the amount of relevant documents detected/the total amount of relevant documents in the retrieval system.

⑵ Precision rate P: It is a measurement index to measure the retrieval accuracy of the information system when implementing a certain retrieval operation. It refers to the percentage of the number of relevant documents detected to the total number of documents detected. The precision rate reflects the accuracy of the search, and its complement is the error rate. The calculation method is: the amount of relevant documents detected/the total amount of documents detected.

⑶ Missing detection rate O: as the complement of the recall rate. The calculation method is: the amount of relevant documents that have not been detected/the total amount of relevant documents in the retrieval system.

⑷Error rate E: as the complement of the precision rate. The calculation method is: the amount of non-relevant documents detected/the total amount of documents detected.

⑴Factors affecting recall rate

⑵Factors affecting precision rate

There is a close relationship between recall rate and precision rate, that is, a reciprocal relationship. In an information retrieval system, when the recall rate and precision rate reach a certain level, the two will show a non-linear inverse relationship. In other words, while the precision rate continues to increase, the recall rate continues to decrease; conversely, while the recall rate continues to increase, the precision rate will continue to decrease.

Network information retrieval can retrieve information resources in all fields, all types, and various media on the Internet, far exceeding the information sources available through online retrieval, CD-ROM retrieval and other information retrieval methods.

The network information resource retrieval tool directly targets users and is simple and convenient to operate. It generally uses a graphical window interface and provides a variety of navigation functions and multiple search methods. Searchers do not need to master complex search instructions. As long as they enter the search formula according to the prompts and rules on the search interface, they can obtain the search results.

The network information resource retrieval tool has the characteristics of interactive operations. It can respond to the user's requirements in a timely manner, obtain corresponding instructions from the user's commands, perform corresponding operations according to the instructions, and finally feed back the execution results to the user.

Network information retrieval not only follows many traditional retrieval methods and technologies, but also uses new retrieval technologies such as hypertext/hypermedia, full-text retrieval, and intelligent retrieval with the help of the development of network information technology.

Through hyperlink technology, the retrieval process of network information resources and the information browsing process are carried out in the same interface. With a simple click of the mouse, users can browse and obtain the full text of Web page documents that can be directly read and utilized.

Network information resources lack unified and standardized management and control and are highly dynamic. Current network information retrieval tools have certain deficiencies in information collection and indexing. The information retrieval process will generate a large amount of useless or even junk information. Accuracy, completeness and authority cannot be guaranteed.

1. Classify by search content

2. Classification according to the type of information resources retrieved

Search engine: It is a tool that provides users with keywords, phrases or natural language to retrieve information on the Internet. The basic principle of its work is: the user puts forward a search request, and the search engine searches in the database on behalf of the user and will retrieve the information. The results are fed back to the user.

⑴How independent search engines work

⑵How meta-search engines work

⑴ Comprehensive independent search engine

⑵Vertical independent search engine

⑶Meta search engine

⑷Mobile search engine

Multimedia information retrieval is to retrieve information from multimedia such as graphics, images, text, sounds, animations, etc. according to the user's requirements to obtain the information the user needs. Divided into text-based retrieval and content-based retrieval.

Cross-language retrieval means that users construct and submit search questions in a certain language (source language), and the system retrieves document sets expressed in other languages ​​(target language) that meet the user's needs. Cross-language information retrieval uses user queries described in a single language to retrieve multilingual information resources. The essence is the matching between single-language user queries and multilingual information representations.

At present, the main research hotspots of cross-language information retrieval include: cross-language information retrieval auxiliary technology methods, language conversion methods, information organization and retrieval models, etc. At the same time, there are still some issues that need further research, such as semantic-based information retrieval, application-oriented Oriented cross-language retrieval platform, correlation search result merging, visualization processing, etc. will become new research directions.

The intelligent information system is developed from word extraction and full-text retrieval. It is an artificial intelligence retrieval system based on the relevance of search terms and has high judgment, understanding and processing capabilities for search terms.

In recent years, intelligent information retrieval based on semantics, agents, and ontology has become a research hotspot. Semantic intelligent information retrieval systems attempt to semantically understand and index documents and intelligently understand users' information needs based on their relevant information. Agent is an adaptable and intelligent software entity. It is combined with intelligent information retrieval to improve the intelligence of retrieval technology and promote human-computer interaction. Ontology can better describe the connotation of concepts and the relationship between concepts, and has a good concept hierarchy and support for logical reasoning. It can be used to expand and reason about user retrieval, thereby improving the efficiency and accuracy of retrieval.

Information retrieval visualization is the application of information visualization technology in information retrieval. It refers to converting document information, user questions, various information retrieval models, and internal semantic relationships invisible during the information retrieval process into graphics, a two-dimensional or three-dimensional displayed in the visualization space.

As a cutting-edge exploration direction, the current research and application of information retrieval visualization has achieved certain progress and results, which are mainly reflected in different aspects of retrieval processing activities: (pre-retrieval) questioning structure; transparency of the retrieval process; (retrieval) (After) result processing; development of visual retrieval vocabulary system, etc.

The current rapid development of artificial intelligence, and the gradual application of machine learning, neural network and other technologies, have greatly promoted the development of intelligent question and answer systems, producing some representative products, including automated question and answer platforms, voice question and answer robots, etc. The one-question-one-answer service method of these intelligent question and answer systems facilitates and accurately locates user needs, enables real-time interaction, and greatly improves the degree of personalized service.

Information services require service personnel to have comprehensive knowledge and quality, and be able to make judgments based on users' information needs and determine optimized service provision content and methods; at the same time, users also need to have corresponding knowledge reserves. Only when the user's own knowledge and the service provider provide Information services can be effectively utilized only when the information is matched.

Since users' information needs are not easy to express clearly and are not easy to be perceived, it is only possible to understand their needs and provide information services based on more interactions with users. This makes information services an interactive service that is driven by user needs and requires a high degree of user participation.

Information service is a service oriented to users' dynamic and personalized information needs. Due to the deep contact level, many uncertain factors will be faced in the service process. Users may put forward new requirements at any time, so service personnel often replace information resources and become Information service dominant factors.

Meeting the specific needs of specific users at a specific time is the basic starting point of information services. Information service agencies must carefully study users' information needs and changes in needs, understand users' habits and characteristics of using information, select information content, information carriers, and information channels that meet user needs, and provide users with highly targeted information services.

Information is time-sensitive, that is, it can only be effective within a specific time frame. This time is usually before the user makes a decision and selects the information he needs. If information is provided too early, users will not need it, and the information utility cannot be realized; if it is provided too late, the information will be worthless.

Practice shows that user utilization of information is affected by availability and ease of use. Availability and ease of use often outweigh the value of the information itself when deciding whether to select and utilize information. Therefore, information service agencies should provide the greatest convenience for users to obtain and utilize information.

Information services must emphasize both social benefits and economic benefits. Although the benefits of information services are potential and delayed, and it is difficult to make a definite evaluation, both information service organizations and users need to spend a certain cost, and it is necessary to ensure that the maximum benefits of information services are obtained with the minimum cost.

The development of information services relies on human resources and technical resources. From the perspective of different resource dependence models of information services, information services can be divided into execution type, experience type, and expert type.

⑴ Execution-type information services: Mainly rely on specific service systems, and front-end products are often information or information collections provided according to the explicit requirements of users. Backend work focuses on information sequencing, information system design and maintenance. Users are the dominant factor in the service process, such as information data delivery services, information analysis software application services, retrieval services, etc.

⑵ Experience-based information services: Mainly rely on specific service experience. The front-end products are customized information supplied based on current situation analysis and judgment of user needs. The backend needs to strengthen information collection and conduct certain information integration in advance based on predicting user needs. Both users and service personnel play important roles in the service process, such as transactional consultation, industry reports, etc.

⑶Expert information services: The front-end products are mainly targeted reports and solutions. The backend needs to focus on information collection and information analysis, with special emphasis on information analysis. In this service process, the dominant factor is the service personnel.

⑴Information retrieval and delivery services

⑵Information reporting and publishing services

⑶Reference service

⑷Information consulting services

⑴Mobile information services

⑵Intelligence of information services

⑶ Online and offline integration of service scenarios

⑷In addition, the development of information services also shows the following trends:

⑴Information provision is knowledge-based

⑵Socialization of information services

⑶Information service virtualization

⑷Personalization of information services

⑴Personalized network information service: It is oriented to users’ information usage behavior, interests, hobbies, habits, and demand characteristics. It provides content, systems and functions for users to search, organize, select, and recommend personalized customized information services to satisfy users. Information needs to solve real-world problems.

⑵Personalized information services include two aspects: first, users can customize the information they need according to their own needs; second, the Internet information base actively selects the resources and services most needed for users based on the characteristics of user services, and based on the user's needs As needs change, the information provided is dynamically changed so that users can receive personalized services.

⑶The service methods it includes include: subject portal service, personalized classification customization service, active information push service, information intelligent agent service, digital reference service, information help retrieval service, vocabulary navigation service, automatic summary service, etc.

⑷The more important technologies include: user interest and behavior acquisition and user modeling technology, data mining technology, personalized recommendation technology, information filtering technology, artificial intelligence technology, intelligent agent technology, personalized retrieval technology, etc.

⑴Information integration service: refers to the modern digital network environment, based on modern information integration theory and technology, through the integration and dynamic integration of service elements, and the construction of an integrated service system with complementary advantages, allowing users to A service concept and model that utilizes the most needed resources and services at the lowest cost.

⑵The development motivations of information integration services mainly include: ①Changes in user needs; ②Diversification of information resources; ③Promotion of information technology; ④The needs of information services themselves.

⑶Types of information integration services: ① Resource-centered information integration services; ② Technology-centered information integration services; ③ Institutional cooperation-centered information integration services; ④ User-centered information integration services.

⑴Mobile search service: ①Search service of mobile search engine; ②Search service within mobile application.

⑵Mobile positioning service: Location-based service is a value-added service provided by a combination of mobile communication network and satellite positioning system. Location information such as the longitude and latitude coordinates of the mobile terminal is obtained through positioning technology to realize various location-related services.

⑴Information needs: Information needs are people’s sense of dissatisfaction and necessity for information in order to solve various practical problems in practical activities. Information needs to be in a multi-level structural state when practical activities and practical problems to be solved are relatively stable.

⑵Level of information needs:

⑴Meaning construction theory; ⑵Knowledge abnormality theory

⑴Diversity characteristics of information needs

⑵Knowledge characteristics of information needs

⑶Fuzziness characteristics of information needs

If the problem that the user wants to solve is crucial and a certain piece of information can help solve the problem, and the information source is unique, then the information service that the user uses from a certain information center is uniquely determined.

① Availability is determined by the material carrier of the information source, the geographical location of the information source and information institution, network conditions and other factors. It is an attribute of whether information and information services are easy to obtain and use. The user's choice of information sources or information services is almost always based on availability. The most accessible information source is selected first, and the requirements for quality and reliability come second.

②The ease of use of information systems has the famous "Moores' Law", which states: "For an information retrieval system, if it is more troublesome and troublesome for the user to obtain information than not to obtain information, this The system will not be exploited." This law is actually a specific application of the famous Zipf's law. Information users always hope that the retrieval system is as easy to use as possible. The easier and easier to use the retrieval system, the more frequently users will use it. On the contrary, few users will use it. This is the embodiment of the "labor-saving law".

①Only when these methods cannot achieve the purpose, information systems or information centers will be considered. There are two reasons for this behavioral characteristic: due to ease of use; due to availability.

②These behaviors of information users are closely related to the accessibility selection theory. This theory holds that the user's behavior of using information is divided into three stages: selective confirmation, selective absorption and selective memory, and the behavior at each stage is restricted by the accessibility selection law. The concept of accessibility here refers to the relationship between users and information resources, and its connotation includes three aspects: physical accessibility, intellectual accessibility and psychological accessibility.

For many users, informal channels are considered more important than formal channels. Although informal channels are not as rigorous and reliable as formal channels, they still occupy an important position in the information exchange system due to reasons such as availability, ease of use, and user habits.

① This is because the pace of life in modern society is accelerating, various social systems are running at overspeed, and people's various decisions are urgent, so information services are required to be faster and more timely.

②On the other hand, because of the rapid development of social economy, science and technology, more and more information, and accelerated aging, this requires that the information provided by information agencies should be up-to-date. These two factors make information users need the fastest service and the latest information.

① First, when users consult information service personnel, they have a strong tendency to express what they think the information center can provide rather than what they really want. There are two reasons for this situation: first, the functions of the information system cannot satisfy users, and second, new users use the information services of the information system for the first time.

②Second, users can express their information needs more accurately by writing questions than directly consulting information personnel. This often happens with questions about computer information retrieval systems.

③ In view of the above two phenomena, when providing services, information service personnel should first make users understand the characteristics and functions of the information system, and secondly, they should carefully figure out the real information needs that have not been expressed by users. If necessary, they should try to allow users to answer questions on the question list. Fill out the information requirements.

Study the basis or standard for classifying information users and the types of user classification, and on this basis, study the quantitative composition and knowledge composition of various types of users.

Investigate and analyze what information users need in terms of content, form, scope, and time limit, when they need it, and what methods and channels they are used to using to obtain the information they need.

Use the theories and results of psychology to study the psychological characteristics of users' information, explore the psychological state and process of users' information needs turning into information seeking behavior, analyze the psychological rules of users in the process of searching for information and conducting information consultation, and help information users eliminate psychological barriers. Reduce the constraints of information systems on users and provide a basis for improving information service methods and improving service quality.

The process of users selecting, evaluating and absorbing information is an important link in realizing the value of information. This aspect requires research on: how users select and evaluate information, the process by which users absorb information to make decisions or create, the principles and evaluation methods of user information utility, etc.

The information needs of information users are a specific social need, which is affected by many factors. It is necessary to comprehensively study the impact of social politics, economy, culture and science and technology on users' information needs. It is also necessary to study the impact of users' own knowledge literacy, personal interests, information capabilities and professional characteristics on information needs. Users' information activities include complex psychological activities and behavioral activities of collecting, querying, absorbing and using information. These activities are affected and affected by a large number of factors, including users' personality factors, environmental factors and information activity factors.

User information assurance refers to providing users with appropriate forms of information through all possible channels and methods for their selection and use. It is the systematization of "information services" and is the key to meeting users' information needs. The purpose of "information assurance" is to provide users with the information they need in a timely and appropriate manner to serve the work they are engaged in. Research on user information assurance includes the principles of information assurance, users’ choices of information and information service methods, information assurance methods and systems, the organization and management of user information assurance, user training, etc.

Human beings' ability to process and transmit information is getting stronger and stronger, further stimulating the intensity of the demand for information. With the development of society and the progress of civilization in human society, after people's daily life is satisfied, in order to improve the quality of life, the demand for information on leisure, shopping, and tourism will become greater and greater. Social sustainability requires a lot of information to support it. In addition, modern information technology can improve the social environment in which users live, indirectly leading to an increase in the number of users, and the total amount of information required will inevitably increase.

Users require accurate information, fast transmission speed, and strong timeliness, which are determined by the timeliness characteristics of the information itself. In the face of a rapidly developing society that is increasingly informatized, it is particularly important to obtain and utilize information quickly, accurately, and efficiently. People's requirements for the quality of information will inevitably become higher and higher.

In the network environment, the traditional model of information service in the information service department is increasingly difficult to meet the open information needs of users. Users' information needs have changed from the original stability and centralization to an open and social one. The Internet, metropolitan area networks, and local area networks have created an open and objective environment for users' information needs, and accelerated the socialization process of users' information needs.

The development of information networks organically combines computer technology, remote communication technology and network information processing technology, fundamentally changing the development, organization and distribution of information resources, allowing users to conveniently obtain centralized information in the network environment according to the objective needs of the subject. The required information is to integrate various information acquisition methods in the network, so that information exchange, query, data acquisition, full-text reading and information release are integrated into multi-functional, multi-channel and multi-mode information needs and service utilization behaviors.

The Matthew effect of user information needs refers to the correlation between user information needs and the amount of accumulated information. Generally speaking, users with large information needs, as time goes by, the more information they accumulate, their information needs will become higher and higher than the average level. As for users with small information needs, the total amount of information they have accumulated has stagnated as time goes by, and their information needs have become increasingly lower than the average level. On the other hand, the level of user needs is always relatively balanced, and the total information needs of most users tend to be average. This is the Robin Hood effect of user information needs.

Network information query behavior refers to a series of physical activities and psychological activities that users take in the process of interacting with the network to obtain the required information. It is mainly completed through two types of behaviors: information retrieval behavior and information browsing behavior.

The information selection behavior of network users means that users use certain analysis and judgment abilities to judge and select the relevance of the presented network information based on their own needs and based on their individual existing knowledge accumulation, thereby filtering out the information that is most relevant to them. Useful information or links to information.

Information storage refers to the behavior of users saving selected information that is helpful to them.

Facing the collected information, users need to react, identify, and organize it in their minds. With the help of their personal digestion and learning abilities, they can understand, absorb and translate it into a member of their own knowledge sequence, thereby enriching their personal knowledge reserves.

Information utilization behavior is based on information absorption, that is, users use the information they have and act on their production, evaluation, decision-making, solving, innovation, life, leisure, interpersonal communication, replenishment of think tanks and improvement of thinking level etc. It is a key link in making information truly effective.

Network user information interaction behavior is the online information exchange behavior of users using the network as a communication platform. In this kind of information interaction, users can not only obtain information from network resources and network interaction peer entities, but also upload information to the network or transfer information to each other, that is, they become information publishers. It is a two-way information exchange behavior. According to the interactive participants, we can divide network information interaction behavior into two types: human-computer interaction and human-human interaction.

Compared with a single individual user, the information behavior of online community users shows stronger interactivity and collaborative characteristics. In addition to searching and browsing the information they need on the Internet, they also publish and share knowledge that they are interested in. At the same time, they also expect to interact and collaborate with other users with the same interests, reflecting a strong group character and influencing those around them. The online awareness and behavior of other users.

The input function of the information system is determined by the purpose of the system and the capabilities of the system and the permission of the information environment. Generally, the input content of the information system includes the collection of information resources, the input of control instructions, the input of information retrieval conditions, etc.

Storage function refers to the system's ability to store various information materials and data. After the original data and information are input into the information system, they first need to be stored for multiple use, and the data and information can be shared in multiple processing links and processes.

After a large amount of information and data are stored, they must be processed in a timely manner. Processing is the production process within an information system. The size of the information system processing function depends on the professional technical strength within the system and the modernization level of the information processing technology equipment.

The various functions of the information system are designed to ensure the ultimate output function. After the information is processed, the output content includes data information processed by the information system, feedback information on the status of the information system during operation, and prompt information when manual intervention is required.

In order to keep the input, storage, processing, output and other links of the information system running evenly and continuously, the system must have the ability to manage and control. The control function of the information system is reflected in two aspects: one is to control and manage the various information processing equipment that constitute the system; the other is to control the entire information processing, processing, input, output and other links through various programs . Through the control function, various functions of the information system are optimized, thereby optimizing the operation of the entire information system.

⑴The initial information system was mainly an information processing system, such as a document-based information retrieval system such as a library and information center. It is manual, that is, a system in the traditional sense.

⑵ Since the advent of electronic computers in the 1940s, information systems have entered the stage of modern information systems - computer information systems, and have developed rapidly with the leap in information technology and the growth of information needs in modern society.

⑶In the 1950s, computer breakthroughs in data processing technology expanded the space for computer applications. Data statistics systems, data update systems, data query systems, data analysis systems, system status reporting systems, etc. appeared one after another. At the same time, electronic data processing systems emerged, which effectively promoted the development of information systems.

⑷ From the late 1960s to the 1970s, various forms of information systems appeared, such as management information systems and decision support systems.

⑸ In the 1980s, the senior executive support system to support the highest decision-making level of the enterprise and the manager information system to support the middle and senior managers appeared. At the same time, information systems in different fields have also seen new developments. Expert systems have emerged in the field of artificial intelligence. In processing and manufacturing enterprises, the application of computer integrated manufacturing systems has enabled the automation of enterprise production and operation links.

⑹ In the 1990s, information technology developed further, and group decision support systems, intelligent decision support systems, product data management systems, etc. appeared.

⑺In the 21st century, a large number of information systems of different styles and applications have appeared in various industries. Information systems have become one of the most important indicators for evaluating the degree of organizational informatization. At the same time, with the emergence and development of data mining technology, computer processing of information has risen to the processing of knowledge, and knowledge management systems and customer relationship management based on data mining have emerged.

⑴ Starting stage: This stage starts when the enterprise introduces the first computer, which is usually used in finance, statistics, material and other departments. As the enterprise deepens its understanding of computer applications, people realize the value of computer applications and begin to learn. , use and maintain computers.

⑵Expansion stage: As computers see results in some departments, they spread from the initial application departments to other departments, and a large amount of manual data processing turns to computer processing. People's enthusiasm for computers increases and demand grows. But for the entire organization, without an overall information system, this stage requires a lot of investment.

⑶Control stage: Due to the growth of people's demand for computer information processing, financial expenditures have increased significantly. Business leaders have to control it, focus on cost/benefit analysis of application development, and analyze the differences between various developed application projects. Inconsistency and data redundancy are planned in a unified manner. The control stage is the key to realizing the shift from computer-based to data management-based, and generally develops slowly.

⑷Integration stage: After the comprehensive analysis in the third stage, database technology is introduced, and under the condition of developing data network, the data processing system enters a stage of rapid development, gradually improving the original system, and developing a new system that can serve the middle and upper levels. Management provides support and provides enterprises with a management system for various information resources. Investments and expenses will again increase rapidly during this phase.

⑸Data management stage: After the system is integrated and synthesized, it is possible to enter into effective data management and realize data sharing. At this time, the data has become an important resource of the enterprise.

⑹Maturity stage: The maturity of the information system shows that it is consistent with the goals of the organization, can support everything from the organization's transaction processing to high-level management and decision-making, and can adapt to any new changes in management and technology.

From the perspective of organizational management processes and levels, information systems can be divided into: transaction processing systems, management information systems, and strategic decision support systems, which respectively correspond to the operational layer, management layer, and decision-making layer of organizational management.

⑴Transaction processing system (TPS): It is a system that processes organizational affairs and business data. It is data-oriented and records, calculates, classifies, summarizes, stores and outputs data in the organizational affairs process. This type of information system is relatively simple in structure and has a single function. It can run on a single machine or in a network environment, and is mainly oriented to single applications. Although transaction processing is simple, it is large in number and very important. It is the basis of all management and decision-making information systems of an organization.

⑵ Management Information System (MIS): It is a system that handles organizational management information. The main users are middle managers in the organization. MIS is information-oriented. Middle-level managers need to use management control information to measure performance, determine control actions, formulate regulations for operating personnel and allocate various resources, etc., to assist in realizing the management functions of various departments of the organization, and provide a solution for semi-structured problems. Provide support for decision-making.

⑶ Decision support system (DSS): It is a system that handles unstructured and semi-structured problems and supports managers' non-procedural decision-making. It uses data in transaction processing systems and information in management information systems, other organizational information and knowledge, and organizational external information and knowledge to provide decision-making support for decision makers. Top managers choose the best option among the alternatives based on their own knowledge and experience and the support of the decision support system. DSS consists of three parts: data, model and user interface. Compared with MIS, DSS is knowledge-oriented, has a higher level of intelligence, and can handle unstructured problems.

This model is a centralized computing environment that uses large hosts as servers for centralized management and accesses data through terminals. In the centralized mode, the services provided by the information system completely rely on the host server. Each request from the client needs to be processed on the server and then the results are returned to the client, so the requirements for the server are extremely high. The advantages are: the system is stable and easy to maintain; the disadvantages are: excessive requirements on host resources, insufficient support for large-scale applications, and difficulty in realizing cross-hardware and cross-platform information sharing. At the same time, terminal application tasks are simple, resulting in a waste of resources.

In a distributed computing environment, this model combines the advantages of large host organizations and network workgroups, centers on a high-performance database server, centrally manages core resources, and provides clients with the data support required for applications. Advantages: It not only fully shares the resources of the server, but also fully utilizes the local resources of the client. The load of the entire system is reasonably distributed between the client and the server, making large-scale, networked applications possible; Disadvantages: Development The cost is high, system configuration, maintenance management and upgrade are troublesome and expensive, the manageability is poor, and the work efficiency is low.

The B/S model is developed on the basis of the C/S model. It uses the browser as the client application and adopts a three-tier structure of browser-application server/Web server-database server. Data information is in the form of network pages. transmission. It has many advantages such as being simpler, lower cost, and able to provide more information. It is very convenient to use and has become the development trend of information system architecture.

Since the concept of the three-tier structure was proposed and applied, it has been continuously extended and developed, and a multi-tier structure has gradually emerged, namely the front-end interface (such as a browser), Web server, middleware (application server) and database server. The emergence of this logical structure not only means the basic formation of the e-commerce system framework, but more importantly, it makes the system more reasonable in terms of structure and performance.

① Define the system to be developed; ② Determine the project scope; ③ Develop a project plan

① Collect business requirements; ② Sort requirements

①Design technical framework; ②Design system model

①Establish technical framework; ②Establish database and programming

① Write test conditions; ② Implement system testing

①Write detailed user instructions; ②Provide training for system users

① Establish a service office to serve system users; ② Provide an environment to support system changes

The structured life cycle method is one of the most commonly used information system development methods, also known as the structured development method or waterfall development method. The basic idea is: in the system analysis and design stage, it is decomposed layer by layer from top to bottom. In the system implementation stage, it is bottom-up, forming a complete information system development process through module links, and is developed in strict accordance with system analysis, system design, system implementation and other processes.

The prototype method means that system developers use powerful auxiliary system development tools to quickly develop a prototype based on a preliminary understanding of the user and demonstrate it to the user. The developer will modify the prototype based on the user's opinions and evaluations. This is repeated and gradually improved until the user is completely satisfied. Steps: ① Identify basic needs; ② Establish initial prototype; ③ System user evaluation; ④ Revise and improve prototype

Object-oriented technology encapsulates the properties (data) and processing (methods) of objects together. Through the inheritance of subclasses from parent classes, the software is easy to maintain and expand, and the reusability of the software is improved. Stages: ① System investigation and requirements analysis; ② Object-oriented analysis; ③ Object-oriented design; ④ Object-oriented programming

Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) is a software development automation technology that supports the entire software development life cycle. It is a computer technology that supports the development of information systems from a developer's perspective. The functions are: ① Support different development methods; ② Support various stages of the software development life cycle; ③ Have document publishing functions and text and graphics editing functions; ④ Support development information resource sharing.

Test-driven development (TDD) is a new software development idea and method that can effectively allow program developers to develop higher-quality, fully tested programs. The TDD method requires that before implementing the code of a certain function, the test code for the function should be written first, and then only the functional code that can pass the test should be written, and the entire software development process can be promoted through testing. Process: ①Testing; ②Implementation; ③Refactoring

Non-technical security strategies refer to the use of legal guarantees, administrative management and other measures to prevent the occurrence of information system security incidents;

⑴ Legal guarantee: The current laws and regulations for information systems can be roughly divided into two categories: social norms and technical norms. These laws and standards are the basis and main guarantee for ensuring the security of information systems. ①Social norms are the norms of behavior that regulate people in information activities. Including confidentiality laws, data protection laws, computer security laws, computer crime laws, etc. ②Technical specifications refer to various technical standards and procedures, such as computer security standards, network security standards, operating system security standards, data and information security standards, etc.

⑵ Administrative management: It is a general administrative measure for safety management. It is a set of rules, regulations and functional structures established and formulated to maintain system security based on system practical activities. Mainly include: ① organization and personnel system; ② operation, maintenance and management system; ③ computer processing control and management system; ④ computer room security system, etc.

⑶Personnel training: For information system staff, such as terminal operators, system administrators, system designers, etc., because they are familiar with the functions and structure of the system, they pose a great threat to system security and must carry out comprehensive security training. Confidentiality education, professional ethics and legal education.

Technical security strategy refers to preventing the occurrence of information system security incidents by adopting technical means directly related to the system.

Use technical means to turn important data into garbled (encrypted) transmission to prevent the data from being eavesdropped by others during the transmission process. Current encryption technologies include symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption.

Identity authentication technology mainly uses one-time password technology and digital signatures to verify whether the user's identity is legitimate to reduce the risk of using public networks for data transmission.

Firewall is an isolation technology that forms a security barrier between internal and external networks by establishing effective access control for specific network segments and services.

It is a technology that uses switches as the network center and uses virtual LAN logical topology to enhance network security.

It refers to the technology of centralized backup management of data in a network environment to achieve backup automation and disaster recovery. There are three storage backup methods: full backup, incremental backup and differential backup. There are two methods of data recovery: hardware recovery and software recovery.

Vulnerability detection technology is a technology that checks network information systems to find system security vulnerabilities. Commonly used methods are passive and active.

Intrusion detection technology is a technology that detects intrusion behavior by collecting and analyzing information on the protected system. Intrusion detection work is usually undertaken by a specific intrusion detection system (IDS).

Information organization: It is an organizational form that implements information collection, processing, analysis, storage, transmission and other related information management activities. It is commonly found in various industrial forms and has an increasing status and role in the national economy and social development.

⑴In the study of the industrial structure of the national information sector, Porat divided the national economic sector into primary and secondary sectors based on whether information products or services enter the market for transactions.

⑵Based on Porat's division of information departments, we divide information organizations into:

The construction of scientific and technological information resources is the foundation of scientific and technological information institutions and the core of information services. Scientific and technological information institutions can accelerate the construction of scientific and technological literature information resources and service platforms through innovative management systems and operating mechanisms, and realize the transformation from information services based on "indicating information sources" to "one-stop" networked information that is user-oriented and solves problems. Changes in service models.

An information agency serving government departments, its functions are to promote and improve the information environment of government agencies; to meet the daily information needs of government agency personnel; to provide managers with an alternative channel for information collection and analysis, and to provide support for the work of government agencies support.

In order to cope with the increasingly intensified market competition, companies have begun to pay attention to and carry out intelligence information work to support corporate strategic decision-making, technological innovation, market operations and other activities.

The information work carried out by information institutions can provide three levels of support for scientific research activities: first, scientific and technological document protection, second, technical monitoring and analysis, and third, evaluation and evaluation of scientific research activities.

The work of information institutions plays an important role in the dissemination of knowledge in human society. Information institutions represented by libraries, as an important part of national cultural undertakings and social document information centers, play an important role in information literacy education and improving public information literacy.

Strategic planning is key to determining the direction of an information organization. Conceiving a successful strategic plan should follow the following coordinated steps: ⑴ determination of tasks; ⑵ evaluation of competitor behavior; ⑶ evaluation of external environment; ⑷ forecast of expenditures and income; ⑸ formulation of specific goals; ⑹ establishment of work specifications and feedback mechanism

The management of information organizations is to effectively plan, organize, lead and control the various resources owned by information organizations in a specific environment in order to achieve the established organizational goals-to serve information users. Specifically include: planning, organization, leadership, and control.

At present, information organizations have developed into digital methods. Faced with the increasingly updated needs of information users, increasingly series of competition in the market, and increasingly frequent changes in the environment, information organizations need to completely change the traditional way of organizing work and replace the previous work processes with integrated work processes. Each door is separated and the fragments are bonded together in the crushing workflow.

Information organizations can take the following measures to motivate employees: implement performance-linking and use promotion incentives.

The so-called humanistic management is people-oriented, that is, trusting people, respecting people, caring for people, understanding people, motivating people, and cultivating people. To be knowledge-oriented is to consider how to motivate and utilize the knowledge of personnel so that personnel can make sustainable contributions, make personnel willing to use their knowledge for their work, and improve the operational efficiency of the entire information organization.

⑴ Information market segmentation; ⑵ Target market selection; ⑶ Target market positioning

⑴Product and service strategy

⑵ Price strategy: ① High price skimming strategy; ② Low price penetration strategy; ③ Differential price strategy; ④ Free pricing strategy.

⑶Channel strategy

⑷Promotion strategy

Information industry cluster refers to the concentration of a large number of information industries and related supporting institutions within a certain range. It has the characteristics of regional agglomeration of institutions, strong innovation, high specialization of each enterprise, and collaboration and division of labor between enterprises.

The characteristics of the cluster development model of for-profit information institutions: ① Knowledge and technology intensive; ② Industrial chain; ③ Collaborative network; cluster ecological

The key to collaborative innovation is to form a large-span integrated innovation organizational model with enterprises, universities, and research institutions as core elements, and innovation with collaborative interaction of multiple entities with financial institutions, intermediary organizations, innovation platforms, non-profit organizations, etc. as auxiliary elements. model. It is holistic and dynamic.

The information industry cluster ecosystem is an industrial cluster ecosystem composed of natural subsystems, social subsystems and economic subsystems. In the ecosystem, for-profit information institutions and other ecological entities form an interlocking and interdependent ecological chain.

⑴The meaning of information policy

⑵Scope of information policy

⑶Classification of information policies

⑷The role of information policy

The government is the main body of national information policy. In addition to the government, the main body of information policy shows diversified attributes. From the perspective of the universality of information systems and networks, information policy subjects may involve all aspects of society, from the state to local governments, from government departments in charge of various industries to social groups.

Information policy goals refer to the interest coordination and distribution relationships achieved through the formulation of information policies. The current goals of my country's national information policy are: to implement new development concepts in depth, accurately grasp the general trend of international and domestic information development, fully implement major national strategic deployments, and coordinate the information work of various regions and departments.

Information policy issues refer to objective social issues that can be included in the policy-making agenda, that is, social contradictions and problems that information policy should resolve. Information policy issues in modern society are complex and interrelated, requiring comprehensive research on information policy as a whole in order to clarify the various complex relationships involved in information policy. Information policy issues are divided into economic issues and legal issues.

The content of national information policy is simplified into two levels: economic and legal. ⑴Economic level: macro-economic issues of industrial development; micro-market economic issues. ⑵Legal level: intellectual property protection; free flow of information and information security.

Policy form refers to the external manifestation of policy content, which is an effective tool and legal basis for publicizing and implementing policies. The form of information policy refers to the documents, guidelines, or regulations on the content of information policy formulated and issued by the state. In the context of building a socialist country under the rule of law, national information policies should be transformed into specific and operable laws and regulations for effective implementation and implementation.

Information law: refers to the general term for legal norms that regulate social relations arising from information activities. The social relations here mainly involve interests, rights and security issues. These legal regulations involve information systems, organizations that process information, and individuals responsible for information. The main content of information law includes intellectual property law, information security law, information disclosure law, press, publication and communication law, telecommunications law, e-commerce law, laws related to computer crimes, etc.

⑴The normative role of information law (The objects affected by the specification vary)

⑵The social role of information law

⑶Objects to be adjusted by information laws

⑷Conflicts brought by informatization to society

⑴The agencies and procedures established by the two are different.

⑵The expression forms of the two are different.

⑶The adjustment range and methods of the two are different.

⑷The degree of stability of the two is different.

⑸The essential attributes and functions of the two are different.

⑴Information policy has a guiding role in information legislation.

⑵Information policies need to be implemented based on information laws.

This law mainly stipulates the purpose, principles, adjustment objects and scope of information legislation, information, and the subjects and objects of legal relationships.

Information technology legal system, information resource management legal system, information property legal system, information industry management legal system, information market management legal system, information organization organization and management legal system, information security, confidentiality and information crime legal system, information talent legal system, Legal system for international information cooperation and exchange.

Based on the actual situation, some countries start with certain fields and pass special legislation to build a new legal normative system to adjust the development of informatization in this field.

Many developing countries with relatively backward information technology and relatively underdeveloped informatization mainly apply this legislative model. They basically only make supplementary changes to the existing backbone laws in the traditional legal departments that are relatively complete and universally applicable. Generally there is no separate separate legislation.

Since the country's informatization development as a whole is in the process of rapid development, there are many specific issues that still need to be studied, explored and tested. Many countries currently adopt a "cautious" attitude, suspend legislation, and rely mainly on government policy guidance to promote the free development of national informatization.

Information network system construction and development policies, information network resource policies, network information industry policies, and network information market policies.