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Psychology - Chapter 1 Overview of Psychology ✓
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Psychology - Chapter 1 Overview of Psychology ✓
- bacteria
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- Reproductive development of animals
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Psychology Overview
subjects of psychological research
Psychological research objects and their structures
Research object: Psychology is the science that studies psychological phenomena and the laws of their occurrence and development. Psychological phenomena are also called psychological activities.
Nature of the subject: (Animals + Humans) Psychology has the nature of both natural science and social science, and is an intermediate subject/edge subject/interdisciplinary subject. Bred from the matrix of philosophy, speculation
Structure table of psychological phenomena
Psychological processes are the basis of personality psychology; Personality psychology restricts psychological processes.
mental process (Dynamic - Common)
cognitive process
feeling, perception, memory, imagination, thinking
emotion affective process
emotions, emotions
volitional process
psychological process of volitional action
Notice (The companion state is not independent)
personality psychology (static - personality)
personality psychological tendencies
Ideals, interests, beliefs, hobbies, needs, motivations, values, worldview
personality psychological characteristics
Ability, character, temperament
Cognitive processes underlie mental processes Feelings are the basis of cognitive processes Thinking is the core of the cognitive process Personality psychological tendency is the most active and basic dynamic factor (dynamic system) in personality psychology Personality psychological characteristics are the most stable factors
The essence of psychology
Psychology is the function of the brain The brain is the organ of the heart
nervous system
The basic unit of the nervous system: neurons
The main material basis of psychological activities: nervous system
structure of nervous system
Central Nervous System
brain
Broca (France), who dissected the brains of aphasic patients in 1861, was the first to verify that psychology is a function of the brain.
Sperry, the "Mr. Right Brain" of the split-brain experiment, the corpus callosum combines the left and right brains, and the functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain are not symmetrical
Left brain (rational)
abstract, logical, academic, verbal, mathematical, literal, writing, reasoning
Right brain (emotional)
art, creation, pictures, music, appreciation, emotion, imagination, space
Left Smoking – Abstract, Verbal Right starry sky - image, space
Four lobes of the brain (higher centers)
Maturity order: occipital-temporal-parietal
Frontal lobe - motor center
Planning, organizing, thinking functions. clever
Parietal lobe - sensory center
Adjust the body's touch, temperature and movement sensations
Occipital lobe - visual center
Temporal lobe - auditory center
Medulla oblongata/brain oblongata (located in the brainstem): life center
Breathe and swallow…
spinal cord
Responsible for processing various sensory and motor impulses and integrating information
peripheral nervous system
somatic nervous system
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Autonomic nervous system (vegetative nervous system)
not controlled by consciousness
Sympathetic nerves: Accelerates heartbeat in response to emergencies (tension)
Parasympathetic Nerve: Inhibits organ overexcitation (relaxation)
Opposite functions confront each other
basic forms of neural activity
reflection
The physiological structure that realizes emission activity is: reflex arc (receptor - afferent nerve - nerve center - efferent nerve - effector)
Classification
Unconditioned reflex (innate)
Unconscious instinctive behaviors such as: sucking reflex, foraging reflex, crying in the wind, tasting plums to produce fluid. Paramecium has no reflex arc. Single-celled organisms have no reflex activity.
Conditioned reflexes (acquired learning training) Pavlovian division
The first signal system: shared by humans and animals, stimulated by specific things (sound, light, electrogram)
eg: Look at the plum blossoms to produce fluids, be afraid of them, be bitten by a snake once and be afraid of well ropes for ten years, draw cakes to satisfy your hunger, go to class when you hear the bell, Pavlov's dog, stops at the red light, pedestrians see the traffic sign diagram
Second signal system: unique to people, words, symbols, and conceptual stimulation (audio-visual word language)
eg: Talking about the tiger's color changes, talking about the plum blossoms, hearing the teacher say "class is on", hearing "green light, please pass", seeing the words "slow down"
Basic processes and laws of neural activity
Basic process: excitement (nerve cells are in an active state eg: learning) Inhibition (nerve cells in a state of reduced activity, eg: sleep)
Basic rules
Diffusion: excitement or inhibition spreads from the origin to the surrounding areas
Concentration: Excitement or inhibition is concentrated from all around to the origin.
induce
Negative induction: Excitation ( ) → Inhibition (-)
eg: listless after burning the midnight oil (successive negative induction), turning a blind eye (simultaneous negative induction)
Positive induction: inhibition (-) → excitement ( )
eg: from sleeping to waking up (successive positive induction)
Supplement: suppress
Unconditional inhibition (born with it)
External inhibition: new external stimuli, inhibition of what is happening
Over-limit inhibition: The body's protective function is inhibited due to relatively excessive stimulation.
eg: I was so excited that I fainted
Conditioned inhibition (acquired under certain circumstances)
Extinction Suppression: Suppression without reinforcement
eg: forget about not contacting for a long time, ignore
Differentiation inhibition: Reinforce the stimulus, and suppress similar stimuli by not reinforcing them.
eg: distinguish clearly similar words
Psychology is an active reflection of objective reality
Objectivity: Objective reality determines human psychology, and social environment plays a decisive role in human psychology.
eg: wolf boy
Subjectivity: Due to different people’s knowledge, experience, needs, desires, etc., their reflections on objective reality are also different.
eg: The beholder is in the eye of the beholder, honey to the armor, a thousand Hamlets
Initiative: the reflection of human psychology on the objective world through practice
eg: South-to-North Water Diversion, Transforming the World
The emergence and development of psychology
two origins
modern philosophy
Descartes (innate) materialism + Locke (acquired) empiricism
experimental physiology
Provide methodological basis for psychology
two characters
Aristotle
"On the Soul" is the first book in history to discuss various psychological phenomena.
(Germany) Wundt's "Fistful of Balloons"
In 1879, German psychologist Wundt established the world's first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig.
It marks the departure of psychology from philosophy and embarks on the path of independent development, which means the birth of scientific psychology.
"Father of Psychology" "Father of Scientific Psychology" "Flagbearer of the Birth of Scientific Psychology"
Representative works: "Principles of Physiological Psychology" and "Declaration of Independence of Psychology"
Three major forces
The First Force—Behavioral Psychology “Explicit Behavior”
Representative: Watson New Behaviorism: Skinner, Thorndike, Bandura
The main points
Oppose research consciousness and advocate research behavior
Oppose introspection and adopt experimental methods
"Psychology from a Behaviorist's Perspective" announces the birth of behaviorism
first revolution
behavioral experiment is watson
The second force - psychoanalytic psychology "unconscious"
Representative figures: Freud, Jung, Erikson
The main points
Study abnormal behavior and unconsciousness, and propose "preconscious" and "subconscious"
Advocates three levels of personality structure: "id, self, superego"
Theory of sexual evil, iceberg theory, theory of sexual desire
Propose libido (sexual instinct), life instinct, death instinct
Flo analyzes latent character
The third force - humanistic psychology "self-realization of the perfect person"
Representative figures: Rogers, Maslow
The main points
Human nature is kind
Pay attention to the value of people, people have free will and the need for self-realization, and advocate the development of human potential
Think "behaviorism" is "childish psychology"; think "psychoanalysis" is "disability psychology"
humanism in rome
Three consciousnesses
Constructivist Psychology - "The Elements of Consciousness"
Representative figures: Wundt, Titchener
The main points
He advocates the study of human direct experience, that is, consciousness, and divides consciousness into three elements: feeling, imagination, and passion. All complex psychological phenomena are composed of these elements.
He advocates experimental introspection to find out the elements and processes of human psychology, but ignores individual differences and is divorced from social life.
Emphasize that the basic task of psychology is to understand the psychological laws of normal adults
Wundt structure iron element
Functionalist Psychology - "The Functional Role of Consciousness"
Representative figures: James, Dewey, Angel
The main points
He advocates the study of consciousness and does not regard consciousness as a collection of elements. He believes that consciousness is a continuous "stream of consciousness"
Emphasis on the study of the functions of consciousness (practical)
Consciousness is the medium through which organisms adapt to their environment
James' first demonstration psychology laboratory in the United States, Hall's first demonstration psychology laboratory in the United States
Functional function
Gestalt Psychology - "Holistic Consciousness"
Representative figures: Wertheimer, Kohler, Kofka (pseudo-scientific examination)
The main points
Opposing the analysis of consciousness into elements and emphasizing the meaning of psychology as a whole
Gestalt→German whole gestalt The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, the whole is good
Pseudo-scientific examination of Gestalt wholes
a cognition
Modern cognitive psychology - "cognition"
Representative figures: Neisser, Gagne, Piaget
The main points
information processing psychology
Birth symbol: 1967, Neisser's "Cognitive Psychology" in the United States
Treat psychological activities as information processing systems, human brain = computer, use computers to crack the human brain
Emphasis on the active role of consciousness and human subjective initiative
second revolution
Neisser Processing Piaget