Polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, weight loss

Itchy skin

acute

Chronic

①Those with acute complications of diabetes, obvious hypoglycemia, and severe chronic complications of various heart, kidney, and other organs should rest in bed.

②Those whose condition is stable should choose appropriate exercises, such as walking, brisk walking, jogging, climbing stairs, riding a bicycle, playing badminton, swimming, etc.

③The best time to exercise is 1 hour after a meal, and the amount of exercise is at least 150 minutes a week, 30 to 40 minutes each time.

④ Exercise intensity is when the patient's heart rate reaches 60% of the individual's maximum oxygen consumption (heart rate = 170 - age).

The dietary principles are to control total calories, eat regularly and quantitatively, add reasonable snacks, strictly limit various sweets, eat more light foods high in fiber, and avoid drinking alcohol. Patients with diabetic nephropathy should be given a high-quality, low-protein diet. Less than 6 grams of salt per serving

Calculate total calories: Calculate total calories based on the patient’s gender, age, ideal weight [ideal weight (kg) = height (cm)-105], nature of work, living habits, etc. Children, pregnant women, wet nurses, those who are malnourished or emaciated, and those with wasting diseases may add 5 kcal per kilogram of body weight per day as appropriate, and those who are obese may reduce 5 kcal as appropriate. The total calories required per kilogram of ideal body weight for adults per day are shown in Table 75-5. Table 7-5-5 Total calories required per kilogram of ideal body weight per day for adults (unit: kcal/kg) resting state light manual labor 25~30 30~35 moderate physical labor 35~40 Heavy physical labor >40

Food composition: The general principle is a diet high in carbohydrates, low in fat, moderate in protein and high in fiber. Among them, carbohydrates account for 50% to 60%, fat does not exceed 30%, and protein accounts for 10% to 15%.

Distribution of staple food: According to the patient's living habits, condition and drug treatment arrangements, develop the habit of regular and quantitative meals. Three meals are divided into 1/5, 2/5, and 2/5 into 1/3, 1/3, and 1/3, and meals are divided into 1/7, 2/7, 2/7, 2/7, and 2 /7.

Other precautions: Overweight people should avoid eating fried foods, eat less animal offal, crab roe, fish roe and other high-cholesterol foods; quit smoking and limit alcohol consumption, and limit all kinds of sweets, such as candies, desserts, biscuits and various sugary drinks; restrictions Salt intake, <6g per day.

Monitor blood sugar, blood lipids, blood pressure, and weight. Observe the efficacy of lifestyle intervention and antidiabetic drugs. Control blood sugar, blood lipids, blood pressure, and weight within ideal ranges to reduce the risk of diabetes complications.

Monitor hypoglycemic reactions and observe whether patients have symptoms of hypoglycemia such as palpitation, sweating, hand shaking, hunger, blurred vision, etc., especially those taking insulin secretagogues and insulin injections. Elderly patients often have no obvious symptoms of hypoglycemia due to autonomic nervous system dysfunction and require intensive blood glucose monitoring.

(2) Storage: Unopened insulin is stored in the refrigerator at 2~8°C. After opening, the insulin can be used at room temperature for 28 days. It is not recommended to store insulin in the refrigerator because the insulin product is more stable at room temperature and is easier to mix. Evenly, the injection is more comfortable; insulin must not be frozen. If the insulin is found to be frozen, it cannot be used; avoid overcooling, overheating, direct sunlight, violent shaking, etc., otherwise the protein will coagulate and denature and become ineffective. Prohibited.

Injection method

Others: Before using intermediate-acting and premixed insulin, roll the insulin horizontally and flip it up and down more than 10 times each to fully mix the liquid in the bottle until the insulin becomes a uniform white suspension.

Used insulin needles and insulin syringes should be discarded in a special sharps basin.

When using a leg insulin pump, replace the drug reservoir, special catheter and injection site every 4 to 7 days to avoid needle clogging and local infection, and place the insulin pump in a safe and convenient location for the patient.

Patients who inject insulin generally monitor their blood sugar 2 to 4 times a day. If blood sugar fluctuates excessively or hyperglycemia persists,