inflammatory hyperemia

Collateral hyperemia (physiological hyperemia)

Postdecompression hyperemia

Small arteries and capillaries are dilated, and local tissues are bright red in color

During arterial congestion, the input of local oxygen and nutrients increases, and metabolism and functional activities are enhanced, which is beneficial to the body. Hot compresses are often used to cause arterial congestion.

Venous compression (edema of lower limbs due to pregnancy)

Venous lumen stenosis or obstruction (intravenous thrombosis or intravenous inflammatory thickening)

Heart failure (reduced cardiac output, obstruction of venous return)

The congestion organ increases in size and weight, the capsule becomes tense, and the texture becomes firm; cyanosis may occur in the skin and mucous membranes.

It depends on venous compression, the degree, speed, location, duration of obstruction, and the establishment of local collateral circulation.

Congestive edema (pleural effusion, ascites, or pericardial effusion)

Congestive bleeding

Parenchymal cell atrophy, degeneration, and necrosis

Congestive sclerosis

Pulmonary congestion (caused by left heart failure, with red or dark red foamy fluid flowing out) ! Heart failure cells: Macrophages phagocytose red blood cells and break down hemoglobin into brown-yellow granular iron-containing hemoglobin. Such phagocytes that engulf hemosiderin are called heart failure cells.

Liver congestion (usually caused by right-sided heart failure or total heart failure) ! Betel nut liver: Alternate red (congestion area) and yellow (fatty degeneration area) stripe-like structures can be seen on the surface and cut surface, which resemble the cut surface of betel nut, and are called "betel nut liver".

Mechanical damage to blood vessels

Destructive lesions that erode blood vessel walls

Diseases of the cardiovascular wall itself

Vein rupture

ruptured capillaries

blood vessel wall damage

Thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction

Deficiency of coagulation factors (reduced synthesis, excessive consumption, congenital diseases)

Procoagulant effect of damaged endothelial cells

Activation of platelets (adhesion, release, adhesion)

Platelets enter the side stream, increasing the chance of contact with the endothelium

Activated thrombin or coagulation factors are not easily diluted or washed away

Postoperative or postpartum (thrombocytosis)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (activated platelets)

Extensive burns (hematoconcentration)

Heterotype transfusion (release of platelet factors and coagulation factors)

certain cancer patients

Blocked blood vessels (myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, enterohemorrhagic infarction)

embolism

Heart valve deformation

Bleeding (extensive bleeding and shock)

Embolism caused by blood clots is called thromboembolism, which is the most common type of embolism, accounting for more than 90% of all embolisms.

Pulmonary embolism (95% of emboli causing pulmonary embolism come from the deep veins of the lower limbs)

Arterial system embolism (80% of emboli originate from the left heart)

Traumatic fat embolism

non-traumatic fat embolism

A large amount of air quickly enters the blood circulation or the gas originally dissolved in the blood quickly dissociates, forming bubbles that block the cardiovascular system, which is called a gas embolism.

air embolism

decompression sickness

Rupture of amniotic membranes - uterine contractions force amniotic fluid into the ruptured uterine wall sinuses - pulmonary systemic circulation - leading to coughing, dyspnea, cyanosis, shock, convulsions, coma and death.

Tumor cell embolism, bacterial embolism, parasite embolism

Thrombus formation and embolism

blood vessel compression and occlusion

persistent arterial spasm

Type of blood supplying blood vessels (the liver/pulmonary has dual circulation and is not prone to infarction; although the heart and brain have collateral circulation, the lumen is small and is prone to infarction)

How quickly blood flow obstruction occurs

Tissue tolerance to hypoxia (infarction occurs when cerebral hypoxia is interrupted for 3-4 minutes, and infarction occurs when myocardial hypoxia is interrupted for 20-30 minutes)

blood oxygen content

It mostly occurs in solid organs with dense tissue structure and insufficient collateral circulation.

The infarct is grayish white, also known as white infarction. The shape is related to the distribution of arterial branches.

Often occurs in organs with loose tissue and dual blood circulation, such as lungs and intestines

severe congestion

Dual blood circulation

Loose tissue (loose lung and intestinal tissue)

Caused by emboli containing bacteria blocking blood vessels