Flexible membrane: facilitates deformation

No nucleus and organelles: no mitochondria, anaerobic glycolysis

Main function: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Membrane contractile protein: cytoplasmic elastin, maintains red blood cell shape and flexibility

Hemoglobin: globin 4 heme

Enzymes: glycolytic enzyme, carbonic anhydrase (CO2 transport)

Plastic deformability

suspension stability

Osmotic fragility

Transport O2 and CO2 (main function)

Has a buffering effect on acids and alkalis in the body

Red blood cells and white blood cells are derived from the same stem cells in the bone marrow - hematopoietic stem cells

Erythropoietin (EPO), involved in RBC differentiation and maturation

The proliferation and development process of the red blood cell system in the bone marrow Pluripotent stem cells → unipotent stem cells → primitive erythrocytes → promyoblasts → intermediate erythrocytes → late erythrocytes → reticulocytes → mature erythrocytes

Substances required for the production of red blood cells

Regulation of erythropoiesis

Granulocytes

Monocytes (3%~8%)

Lymphocytes (20%~40%)

Platelets are small in size, have no nuclei, are slightly convex on both sides, and are disc-shaped with a diameter of 2 to 3 μm.

Normal platelet count: (100~300)×109/L

Is a megakaryocyte-derived cytoplasmic fragment without a nucleus or organelles

The particles contain secreted chemicals that are necessary to form a blood clot.

Helps maintain the integrity of blood vessel walls

Participate in coagulation and physiological hemostatic functions

Definition: Adhesion of platelets to non-platelet surfaces

Injured areas can be identified through adherent platelets vWF is the bridge between platelets adhering to collagen fibers Platelet membrane protein GPⅠb/Ⅳ/Ⅴ is the receptor that vWF binds to

Definition: The adhesion between platelets and platelets

Platelets aggregate to form platelet hemostatic plugs. There are two phases of platelet aggregation.

Activators and inhibitors of platelet aggregation

Definition: The phenomenon in which platelets excrete substances stored in dense bodies, a-granules or lysosomes after being stimulated.

Platelets can immediately synthesize and release TXA2. TXA2 has a strong effect on aggregating platelets and constricting blood vessels. Aspirin can inhibit the synthesis of TXA2.

intrinsic vascular response

sympathetic innervation

Blood flow slows down, which facilitates platelet aggregation

Formed around the site of vascular injury

Reduce blood loss

Necessary for the formation of blood clots

ADP: increased viscosity

Serotonin: vasoconstriction

Adrenaline: vasoconstriction

chemicals that promote blood clotting

Blood turns into a clot or thrombus solid gel

Occurs around platelet thrombus

Dominant hemostatic defense mechanism

Except for FIV, which is Ca2, the other coagulation factors are proteins.

FⅡ, FⅦ, FⅨ, FⅩ, FⅩⅠ, FⅩⅡ, FⅩⅢ and prekallikrein are all serine proteases, existing in the form of zymogens

Except for FIII, all other coagulation factors are present in fresh plasma.

The production of FⅡ, FⅦ, FⅨ and FⅩ requires the participation of vitamin K

Inactive state secreted into blood

Activation in cascade mode

Ca2 (can be chelated by sodium citrate for anticoagulation)

platelet factor 3

Intrinsic activation pathway: all factors that initiate coagulation come from the blood

Extrinsic activation pathway: tissue factor that initiates coagulation originates from tissue

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): exogenous coagulation→intrinsic coagulation, early anticoagulation and late procoagulation

Thrombin function

Coagulation is a process of successive enzymatic activation of a series of coagulation factors. Each enzymatic reaction has an amplification reaction. That is, a small amount of activated coagulation factors can activate a large number of downstream coagulation factors. The activation is step by step, and the entire coagulation process shows a huge amplification phenomenon.

Coagulation time: venous blood, the time from blood collection to blood coagulation, normal is 4~12 minutes

Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin by the action of thrombin

Serpins and heparin

Protein C system

tissue factor pathway inhibitor

acid mucopolysaccharide

Mast cells and basophils produce

with anticoagulant protein III to enhance its activity

Stimulates endothelial cells to release tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPⅠ) and other anticoagulant substances

anticoagulants

Coagulation factors such as VIIa, kallikrein (endogenous activation)

Plasminogen activator (exogenous activation)

The most sensitive substrates of plasmin are fibrin and fibrinogen, which it degrades

Plasmin can also break down coagulation factors such as Ⅱ, Ⅴ, Ⅷ, Ⅹ, ⅩⅡ etc.

Hyperfibrinolysis may cause bleeding tendencies due to the massive decomposition of coagulation factors and the anticoagulant effect of FDPs.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-I) Mainly produced by vascular endothelial cells and inactivated by combining with t-PA and u-PA

a2-antiplasmin (a2-AP) Mainly produced by the liver, inhibits the activity of plasmin by binding to it

Blood type = antigen, original but not anti-antigen

Forward typing: Anti-A and anti-B antibody tests are used to check red blood cells for the presence of A or B antigens

Reverse typing: using red blood cells of known blood type to detect the presence of anti-A or anti-B antibodies in the serum

Antigens: There are mainly five types: D, E, C, c, and e (D antigen is the most resistant)

Classification: Rh positive - D antigen positive; Rh negative - D antigen negative

99% of our country is Rh negative

There are no natural antibodies against Rh in human serum

Rh antigen only exists on the surface of red blood cells and is already mature at birth

The antibodies of the Rh system are mainly IgG, which are smaller molecules and can pass through the placenta.

An Rh-negative person who receives a blood transfusion from an Rh-positive person for the first time will not agglutinate, but will subsequently develop anti-Rh antibodies in the body. If you receive blood transfusion again, antigen-antibody reaction, red blood cell agglutination, and hemolysis will occur.

red blood cells

leukocyte

platelets

90% water; 6~8% protein

Electrolyte: high concentration Na and Cl-; low concentration H, HCO3-, K, Ca2

Nutrients: glucose, vitamins, lipids

Metabolic waste products: urea, bilirubin, creatinine

Gases (dissolved): oxygen, carbon dioxide

hormone

Divided into three categories: albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen (mainly synthesized by the liver, a small number of globulins are synthesized by lymphocytes). Globulin is divided into a1-, a2-, β-, and γ-globulins.

The functions of plasma proteins: ① Form plasma colloid osmotic pressure ② Transport substances and buffer changes in H ③ Participate in physiological processes such as blood coagulation, anticoagulation, fibrinolysis, and defense ④ Resist pathogenic microorganisms ⑤ Nutritional function, Hungry Cassia is the fuel for contractions when hungry ⑥ Maintains the relatively long half-life of hormones in plasma ⑦ Increases blood viscosity

Males: 40~50%; Females: 37~48%; Newborns: 55%

Plasma crystal osmotic pressure - role: regulates intracellular and intracellular water balance

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure—function: regulates water balance inside and outside blood vessels

=Plasma osmolarity: isotonic solution [0.9% NaCl (physiological saline), 5% glucose, 1.9% urea]

>Plasma osmolality: hypertonic solution

<Plasma osmolality: hypotonic solution

Definition: A solution that maintains the normal size and shape of suspended red blood cells.

Isotonic fluid ≠ Isotonic fluid

The osmotic pressure of 1.9% urea is equal to the osmotic pressure of plasma. It is an isotonic fluid of plasma, but not an isotonic fluid, and can penetrate the red blood cell membrane.