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blood and hemogenesis
Blood specifically includes: Connective tissue in a liquid state, circulating in the cardiovascular lumen Blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells), platelets, plasma, as shown in the picture above Commonly used Reitter or Giemsa stains
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blood and hemogenesis
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blood and hemogenesis
blood
Connective tissue in a liquid state, circulating in the cardiovascular lumen
Blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells), platelets, plasma, as shown in the picture above
Commonly used Reitter or Giemsa stains
plasma
Approximately 55% of blood volume ph value 7.35-7.45 Its composition is 90% water
Without adding anticoagulant, it can precipitate light yellow cool liquid, serum
blood cells
red blood cells
Biconcave disc shape, medium thin and thick sides Light red in the center, dark red around the edge
Expanded cell membrane surface area
The largest number, male > female. Due to hypoxia at high altitude or strenuous exercise, the number of red blood cells increases significantly.
Mature red blood cells: no nucleus or organelles, cytoplasm filled with hemoglobin
Hemoglobin has the function of binding and transporting O² and CO²
erythrocyte membrane skeleton
Made of spectrin Congenital anomalies of spectrin → hemolytic anemia
Wrong blood type transfusion, red blood cell membrane rupture, hemoglobin overflow, hemolysis
Average lifespan 120 days Male 4.0-5.5*10²/L Female 3.5-5.0*10²/L
Immature red blood cells → reticulocytes
A small amount of ribosomes remain
Brilliant tar blue staining
0.5%-1.5%, higher in newborns
leukocyte
granulocytic leukocytes
neutrophils
Accounts for 50%-70% of the total number of white blood cells, the largest number, and survives in tissues for 2-3 days
Nucleus lobed or curved rod-shaped Leaves are divided into 2-5. The more leaves, the sign of aging.
Left-shifted nucleus (more than 2 lobes) Nucleus shifted to the right (more than 5 leaves)
Special granules: lysozyme, phagocytosin (defensin, bactericidal effect)
Deformation movement, chemotaxis Phagocytosis function, swallowing bacteria and foreign bodies (an increase in its ratio indicates bacterial infection, or pus)
eosinophils
Eight-shaped leaves, 2-3 leaves, belonging to lysosomes
Contains histamine enzyme (breaks down histamine) Arylsulfatase (breaks down leukotrienes) and four cations (cations, which kill parasites)
Allergic diseases and parasites Survive 8-12 days
basophils
Minimum quantity, 0-1.0%, irregular shape Blue-purple basophilic granules in the cytoplasm cover the nuclear surface and are metachromatic. Granules contain heparin, histamine, eotaxin intracytoplasmic leukotrienes
Derived from bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells
Survive 10-15 days
agranulocytosis
Contains azurophilic granules, which are actually lysosomes
monocytes
3.0-8.0%, the largest white blood cell Irregular, loose chromatin
Cytoplasm is weakly basophilic, gray-blue The nucleus is kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped
Weak ability to phagocytosis
Lymphocytes
25%-30%
The smallest size, round nuclei, deep staining, and very little cytoplasm
Category 1
Large lymphocytes: rarely seen in blood, mostly in lymphoid tissue
middle
small lymphocytes
Most of the blood is small lymphocytes The nucleus occupies the vast majority of the entire cell
Category 2
Thymus relies on lymphocytes, T cells, 75%, cellular immunity
bone marrow dependent lymphocytes
B cells, 10-15%, plasma cells, secretes antibodies, humoral immunity
natural killer cells
NK cells, produced in bone marrow, 10%
platelets
Small pieces of cytoplasm shed by bone marrow megakaryocytes
It is double-disk-shaped, with a granular area in the center and a transparent area around it.
Function: Hemostasis and coagulation (prothrombin)
lymph
Lymph Lymphocytes
Bone marrow and hematopoiesis
marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells and hematopoietic blastocytes
Hematopoietic stem cells originate from yolk sac blood islands
Differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells→hematopoietic blastocytes
Hematopoietic blasts (committed stem cells) ↓ red blood cells, Granulocyte-monocyte lineage (neutrophils and monocytes), Megakaryocytes (platelets), lymphocytes, eosinophils, Basophils (mast cells)