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MindMap Gallery Local blood circulation disorder (1)

Local blood circulation disorder (1)

The mind map on local blood circulation disorders (1) introduces the knowledge of thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. You can also use it to prepare for exams and review.

Edited at 2023-04-20 12:13:49

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Local blood circulation disorder (1)

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Outline

local blood circulation disorder

thrombosis

Concept: The process of aggregation of formed components in the vascular system of living tissue to form a solid mass

condition

Damage to cardiovascular endothelial cells:

Changes in blood flow conditions (slowing of flow rate, formation of vortices, increased viscosity

Increased blood coagulability (increased platelets and clotting factors)

Formation process: endothelial cell damage, collagen exposure → release of platelet adhesion and aggregation → formation of small piles of platelets (reversible) →Platelet thrombosis (irreversible) →Platelet trabeculae →Fibrin network containing red blood cells fills the trabeculae →Intimal thrombosis

Types and forms

White thrombus: It often occurs in the heart valves, cardiac chambers and arteries, forming the head of venous thrombus. Composed of platelets and a small amount of fibrin, small gray-white nodules that are not easy to fall off.

Mixed thrombosis: It usually occurs in veins and forms venous thrombosis, which is composed of platelets, trabeculae, fibrin and Composition of red blood cells and medium WBC, rough dry cylindrical shape

Red thrombus: common vein, venous thrombosis tail, composed of a large number of RBC and medium WBC Composed of fibrin, dark red, easy to fall off

Hyaline thrombus: occurs frequently in microcirculatory capillaries and is composed of fibrin. It is common in DIC.

ending

Softening, dissolving and absorption, calcification (calcium salt deposition occurs in thrombus)

Organizing recanalization: During the organizing process, new vascular endothelial cells grow into and cover the surface of the thrombus fissure. new blood vessels, the process of rebuilding some blood flow

Influence

Blocked blood vessels, embolism, heart valve deformation, widespread bleeding (hyaline thrombosis)

embolism

Concept: Abnormal substances that appear in circulating blood and are insoluble in blood travel with the blood flow and block the lumen of blood vessels.

Path of travel of emboli: 1. Venous system/right cardiac chamber emboli → pulmonary embolism 2. Aortic system/left ventricular emboli → arterioles of various organs (brain, liver, spleen, kidney) 3. Portal vein system emboli → intrahepatic portal vein thrombosis 4. Cross embolism 5. Retrograde embolism (increased thoracoabdominal pressure, reverse flow of thrombus)

Influence

Thromboembolism

Mostly formed in veins

Pulmonary embolism: 1. Small branches of pulmonary artery → less affected (pulmonary dual blood circulation) 2. Pulmonary artery main trunk/large branches → straddle embolism → dyspnea, cyanosis, shock, circulatory respiratory failure 3. Small and numerous emboli → embolization of small branches of the pulmonary artery → right heart failure

Systemic circulation embolism: mostly lower limbs, brain, intestines, kidneys, spleen, etc. 1. Lack of collateral circulation of the embolized artery → local tissue infarction 2. There are abundant arterial anastomoses in the lower limbs, and the liver has dual blood supply from the hepatic artery and portal vein → less prone to infarction

fat embolism

Mostly occur in capillaries and veins (long bone fractures/external impact, liver cells rupture to release lipid droplets)

d>20mm→Pulmonary artery branch, small artery or Cap embolism d<20mm→through the alveolar Cap to the pulmonary veins to the left heart to the systemic circulation branches→systemic multi-organ embolism

A small amount of lipid drips into the blood → engulfed and absorbed by macrophages → no adverse consequences A large amount of fat drips into the blood → enters the pulmonary circulation → suffocates and causes right heart failure

gas embolism

A large amount of gas quickly enters the blood circulation/the gas originally dissolved in the blood quickly dissociates, forming bubbles and blocking the cardiovascular system

air embolism

More common in venous injuries and rupture, when outside air enters

Effect: A small amount of gas →dissolved in the blood →no gas embolism occurs A large amount of gas → foamy blood fills the heart cavity → hinders venous return and pulmonary artery output →Severe circulatory disorder→Dyspnea, cyanosis, sudden death

decompression sickness

The high pressure quickly enters the low pressure/normal pressure environment → the gas in the blood quickly dissociates

Effects: Subcutaneous edema, muscle and joint pain, ischemic infarction Blockage of coronary arteries → severe blood circulation disorder leading to death

amniotic fluid embolism

Effects: Dyspnea, cyanosis, convulsions, shock, coma, even death

Mechanism: fetal metabolites in amniotic fluid enter the blood to cause sensitization, amniotic fluid thromboplastin → DIC

Other embolisms

infarction

Mostly organs and tissues, necrosis mostly targets cells

Necrosis of organs or local tissues due to blood vessel obstruction and blood flow blockage leading to hypoxia (mostly caused by arterial obstruction)

Causes: thrombosis, arterial embolism, arterial spasm, vascular compression and occlusion

Influencing factors

Organ blood supply characteristics: lungs → dual blood supply by bronchial arteries and pulmonary arteries; liver → hepatic artery and portal vein blood supply, less prone to infarction Heart, brain, spleen, kidney → not abundant arterial anastomotic branches → prone to infarction

Sensitivity of local tissues to hypoxia: heart and brain are sensitive, skeletal muscle fiber connective tissue is more tolerant

The speed at which blood flow occlusion occurs: sudden interruption → prone to infarction; slow interruption → less prone to infarction (establishment of collateral circulation)