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Blood System-Overview
The mind map of Blood System - General Introduction summarizes the knowledge about the structure of blood system, classification of blood system diseases, diagnosis of blood system diseases, treatment of blood system diseases, and the progress and prospects of hematology. Let's take a look at it together.
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Blood System-Overview
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- Outline
Blood System-Overview
【Blood system structure】
I Blood tissue and hematopoietic function
A blood
1) Plasma
2) Blood cells
red blood cells
leukocyte
platelets
B hematopoietic tissue
1) Embryonic stage: yolk sac
2) Liver and spleen hematopoietic stage: liver, spleen
3) Bone marrow hematopoietic stage: bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus
II Blood Cell Production and Hematopoietic Regulation
A Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)
concept
It is a kind of pluripotent stem cell and the starting cell of various blood cells and immune cells.
distributed
CD34 cells bone marrow 1%, peripheral blood 0.05%
Features
1) Most of them are in the quiescent phase
2) Maintain a dynamic balance between self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation during proliferation
3) CD34, CD3-, CD38-, HLA-DR-
feature
1) Self-update
2) Multidirectional differentiation
B committed progenitor cells
Classification
1) Myeloid progenitor cells: CD34, CD33, CD38-, HLA-DR-
2) Lymphoid progenitor cells: CD34, CD33-, CD38, HLA-DR
Features
1) Symmetrical mitosis, massive amplification
2) Replication ability is weakened
C Hematopoietic microenvironment (HM)
concept
Non-hematopoietic components of hematopoietic tissue
composition
1) Microvascular system
2) Neural component
3) Reticular cells
4)Matrix
5) Other connective tissues
Function
Influence or induce the production of hematopoietic cells
adjust
Positive regulators: EPO, colony stimulating factor (CSF), TPO, interleukin 3 (IL-3)
Negative regulators: tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ)
[Classification of blood system diseases]
I Red blood cell disorders
Various types of anemia
Polycythemia
II granulocytic disease
agranulocytosis
Leukemia-like reaction, etc.
III Monocytic and Macrophage Diseases
inflammatory histiocytosis
infectious mononucleosis
IV Lymphocyte and Plasma Cell Disorders
Various types of lymphoma
Acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia
multiple myeloma
V Hematopoietic stem cell diseases
Aplastic anemia (AA)
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
Acute and chronic myeloid leukemia
VI Hypersplenism
Shown as reduction of three series
VII Hemorrhagic and thrombotic diseases
Vascular purpura, such as Henoch-Schonlein purpura
Thrombocytopenic purpura
Blood clotting disorders, such as hemophilia
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
[Diagnosis of blood system diseases]
(1) Medical history collection
1) History of current illness
2) Personal history: history of exposure to radionuclides, drugs, working environment, etc.
3) Genetic history
(2) Physical examination
1) Is there any change in the color of skin and mucous membranes?
2) Whether there is jaundice, bleeding spots, nodules or plaques
3) Whether superficial lymph nodes, liver, and spleen are enlarged
4) Whether there is antionychia or gingival hyperplasia
(3) Laboratory examination
1) Blood cell count, blood smear cell morphology, bone marrow aspirate fluid smear, etc.
2) Reticulocyte count
3) Bone marrow examination and cytochemical staining
4) Bleeding disease examination
5)Hemolytic disease examination
6) Biochemical and immunological examinations
Immunohistochemistry is a necessary test for lymphoma diagnosis
7) Cytogenetic and molecular biology examination
8) Hematopoietic cell culture and testing technology
9)Instrument inspection
10) Radionuclides
11) Histopathological examination
(4) Imaging examination
1) Ultrasound imaging
2) Computerized tomography (CT)
3) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
4) Positron Electron Computed Tomography (PET)
[Treatment of blood system diseases]
(1) General treatment
1) Diet and nutritional treatment
2)Psychological and psychiatric treatment
(2) Eliminate the cause of the disease
(3) Maintain normal blood components and functions
1) Supplement nutrients needed for hematopoiesis
2) Stimulate hematopoiesis
3)Splenectomy
4)Adoptive immunotherapy
5) Component transfusion and use of antibiotics
(4) Remove abnormal blood components and inhibit abnormal functions
1) Chemotherapy
2) Radiotherapy
3) Induce differentiation
4) Therapeutic apheresis
5) Immunosuppression
6) Anticoagulation and thrombolytic therapy
(5) Targeted therapy
(6) Epigenetic inhibition
(7) Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
HSCT is a comprehensive treatment method that may cure hematological malignancies and genetic diseases.
(8) Cellular immunotherapy
[Progress and Prospects of Hematology]