Inflammatory hyperemia (early stage of local inflammatory reaction)

Post-decompression hyperemia (caused by reflex expansion of arterioles in pressurized tissue)

Collateral hyperemia (open congestion of anastomotic branch arteries around ischemia)

The volume increases, the color is bright red, the temperature rises and there is a pulsating sensation)

Once the cause is eliminated, it can return to normal without any adverse effects.

Local (the vein is compressed by various external reasons)

Local (gravity effect)

Local (venous thrombosis, formation of tumor thrombus by tumor cells that invade into veins)

Systemic (left heart failure-pulmonary congestion, right heart failure-systemic organ congestion)

Anticoagulant effect of endothelial cells

Procoagulant effect of endothelial cells

White thrombus

mixed thrombus

red blood clot

hyaline thrombus

Can cause pulmonary embolism

Commonly found in brain, lower limbs

Embolization of intrahepatic portal vein branches

The pressure in the right heart increases and the emboli pass through congenital atrial and ventricular septal defects to the left heart

Pulmonary embolism (95% of emboli come from the deep veins of the lower limbs)

Systemic arterial embolism (80% of emboli come from the left heart)

When long bone fractures, severe damage to subcutaneous adipose tissue, crush injuries or burns due to fatty liver, the adipose tissue ruptures to form lipid droplets, which enter the blood circulation through ruptured small veins.

It is mostly caused by venous rupture and external air leaking out of the venous defect into the blood flow.

Causes of sudden death