MindMap Gallery physiology blood circulation
Personally compiled version of the mind map notes of the complete book on physiology and blood circulation, Section 1 The pumping function of the heart Section 2 Electrophysiology and physiological characteristics of the heart Section 3 Vascular Physiology Section 4 Regulation of Cardiovascular Activity Section 5 Organ Circulation Use mind maps to organize the knowledge points and test points of each section, which is helpful for review. If there are any deficiencies, you can supplement them by yourself.
Edited at 2023-02-12 00:10:29El cáncer de pulmón es un tumor maligno que se origina en la mucosa bronquial o las glándulas de los pulmones. Es uno de los tumores malignos con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y mayor amenaza para la salud y la vida humana.
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica con hiperglucemia como signo principal. Es causada principalmente por una disminución en la secreción de insulina causada por una disfunción de las células de los islotes pancreáticos, o porque el cuerpo es insensible a la acción de la insulina (es decir, resistencia a la insulina), o ambas cosas. la glucosa en la sangre es ineficaz para ser utilizada y almacenada.
El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
El cáncer de pulmón es un tumor maligno que se origina en la mucosa bronquial o las glándulas de los pulmones. Es uno de los tumores malignos con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y mayor amenaza para la salud y la vida humana.
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica con hiperglucemia como signo principal. Es causada principalmente por una disminución en la secreción de insulina causada por una disfunción de las células de los islotes pancreáticos, o porque el cuerpo es insensible a la acción de la insulina (es decir, resistencia a la insulina), o ambas cosas. la glucosa en la sangre es ineficaz para ser utilizada y almacenada.
El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
blood circulation
Bioelectrical phenomena of cardiomyocytes
Cardiomyocyte bioelectrical phenomena
Cardiomyocyte classification
Working cells: atrial and ventricular myocytes, which have strong contractility Specially differentiated cardiomyocytes: special conduction system of the heart, autonomous cells (sinoatrial node, Purkinje fibers)
transmembrane potential
Transmembrane potential of working cells and its ionic basis
resting potential
The cell membrane is highly permeable to potassium ions, and the outflow of potassium ions is completed through inwardly rectifying potassium channels; Ungated pathway; permeability is affected by membrane potential
Action potential
Phase 0 (depolarization phase): rapid influx of sodium ions
Phase 1 (initial stage of rapid repolarization): Potassium ion-loaded --- transient outward ion flow (instantaneous outward current)
Phase 2 (slow repolarization phase, plateau phase)
The potential stabilizes at the zero potential level for a long time The inward ion flow is carried by calcium ions, and the outward ion flow is carried by potassium ions.
Stage 3 (end of rapid repolarization): the influx of calcium ions stops and the outflow of potassium ions is further enhanced, that is, the regenerative effect of potassium ion outflow
Phase 4 (recovery phase, resting phase)
The membrane potential returns to the resting level and stabilizes at minus 90 millivolts. The ions inside and outside the membrane have not recovered. There are many potassium ions outside the membrane, and there are many sodium ions and calcium ions in the membrane, so the activity of the "sodium-potassium pump" is enhanced; calcium ions are active Transport via "sodium-calcium exchanger"
Transmembrane potential of autonomous cells and its ionic basis
Maximum diastolic potential (maximum repolarization potential) Phase 4 automatic depolarization is the basis for the automatic generation of rhythmic excitation by myocardial autonomic cells.
Purkinje fibers: fast-response autonomous cells. Characteristics (stage 0 depolarization is fast and has a large amplitude; stage 4 automatic depolarization - sodium ion influx, its speed is slower than that of sinoatrial node cells, so its autonomy is low)
sinoatrial node p cells
Phase 0 depolarization is caused by calcium ion influx
Phase 3 repolarization L-type channels are gradually inactivated, the influx of calcium ions decreases, the potassium ion channels open, and the outflow of potassium ions
Phase 4 automatic depolarization is weakened by potassium ion outflow, channel-mediated sodium ion influx, and calcium ion influx.
Electrophysiology type: fast-responding cells, slow-responding cells
Physiological properties of cardiomyocytes
Automatic rhythmicity: Without external stimulation, rhythmic excitement occurs automatically
Excitability: influencing factors, cyclical changes (effective refractory period, ultra-long term), preterm contractions and compensatory intervals
Conductivity: the ability to conduct excitement, local current pattern, characteristics (two fast and one slow), influencing factors
Contractility: characteristics (synchronous, incomplete tonic contraction, dependence on calcium ions), influencing factors
Surface electrocardiogram
Comparison of electrocardiogram and cell bioelectricity
Typical waveforms and physiological significance of normal surface electrocardiogram: P wave, QRS complex, T wave, U wave
The time course relationship and significance between waves
heart pumping function
Cardiac cycle and heart rate: systole and diastole, heart rate is the number of heart beats per minute, normal 60~100 beats/minute
heart pumping process
Ventricular systole - ejection process: isovolumetric systole, rapid ejection, slowed ejection
Ventricular diastole - filling process: isovolumetric diastole, rapid filling, slowed filling, atrial systole
The role of the atria in pumping blood
Heart sounds and phonogram
Evaluation of pumping function: cardiac blood output (stroke volume, ejection fraction) (output per minute and cardiac index) cardiac work volume (stroke work)
Pumping function reserve: cardiac reserve (heart rate reserve, stroke volume reserve)
Factors affecting cardiac output: Stroke volume (abnormal autoregulation, afterload regulation, isometric autoregulation) Effect of heart rate
Regulation of cardiovascular activity
neuromodulation
Heart control and its functions
Cardiac sympathetic nerve: norepinephrine binds to β1 receptors - positive time-varying inotropic conduction (excitation)
Cardiac vagus nerve: acetylcholine binds to M-type receptors - negative chronotropic tootropic conduction (inhibition)
Innervation of blood vessels and their functions
sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve
Characteristics: Tonic activity of sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves; different distribution densities (most arterioles); most blood vessels are only innervated by sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers.
Norepinephrine mainly binds to alpha receptors, so when the sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves are excited, the vasoconstrictor effect is dominant
vasodilatory nerves
Sympathetic vasodilatory nerves: Generally no nervous activity, only impulses will be released when there is excitement, panic and defensive reactions.
Parasympathetic vasodilatory nerves: regulate local blood flow
Spinal dorsal root vasodilator nerve: axonal reflex
Cardiovascular center: spinal cord, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus
Reflexive regulation of cardiovascular activity
Carotid sinus and aortic arch baroreceptor reflex: mechanoreceptors or blood vessel wall stretch receptors - blood pressure increases, blood vessel walls are mechanically stretched, heart rate slows, cardiac output decreases, arterioles and arterioles dilate, and peripheral resistance decreases , blood pressure drops back - antihypertensive reflex
Carotid and aortic body chemoreceptive reflexes: regulate breathing, increase blood pressure
Other cardiovascular reflexes: caused by cardiorespiratory receptors - regulate circulating blood volume and extracellular fluid volume
body fluid regulation
Adrenaline and norepinephrine
Adrenaline binds to α receptors to constrict blood vessels in the skin, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract; binds to β2 receptors to dilate skeletal muscles, liver, and coronary blood vessels; binds to β1 receptors to increase heart rate and strengthen cardiac contractility. increased cardiac output
Norepinephrine: Mainly binds to β1 receptors, increases heart rate (direct effect), slows heart rate (indirect effect)
Renin-angiotensin system: causes systemic arteriole contraction to increase blood pressure and venous contraction to increase cardiac return; releases norepinephrine; acts on the central nervous system; excretes potassium and retains sodium and water.
Kallikrein-kinin system: local vasodilation and increased blood flow
Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
Atrial natriuretic peptide: diuresis and natriuresis; vasodilation, slowing heart rate, lowering blood pressure; regulating water and salt balance
Vasoactive substances produced by vascular endothelial cells: endothelial relaxing factor, endothelial vasoconstricting factor
Other regulatory substances: histamine, prostaglandins
Autoregulation (regulation of local blood flow): Abnormal autoregulation, vascular autoregulation
organ circulation
Coronary circulation: blood circulation that nourishes the heart itself
Anatomical characteristics: The main trunk runs on the surface of the heart, and the branches penetrate vertically into the myocardium and are easily compressed during contraction.
blood flow characteristics
Fast flow rate and large flow rate
Blood supply mainly occurs during diastole
Large oxygen difference between arterial and venous blood
blood flow regulation
Myocardial metabolism level
Neuromodulation (vagus, sympathetic)
Body fluids (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
Pulmonary circulation
cerebral circulation
Vascular Physiology
Structural and functional characteristics of various types of blood vessels
Elastic reservoir vessels: the main aorta and pulmonary artery and their largest branches. Expansion and elasticity Distributing vessels: elastic arterial tubes between large arteries and small arteries. Distribute blood Precapillary resistance vessels: arterioles and arterioles. Large resistance, maintain blood pressure Exchange blood vessels: capillaries. Substance exchange between blood and tissue fluid postcapillary resistance vessels Capacity vessels: store blood volume Short-circuit blood vessels: anastomotic branches of arterioles and venules. related to body temperature regulation
Hemodynamics
Blood flow and blood flow velocity
Blood flow: the amount of blood flowing through a certain cross-section of a blood vessel per unit time
Influencing factors: pressure difference at both ends of blood vessels, blood vessel resistance to blood flow
The amount of organ blood flow mainly depends on blood flow resistance
Blood flow velocity: blood flow velocity in blood vessels is inversely proportional to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels
blood flow pattern
Laminar flow: no vibration, no sound, less energy consumption
Turbulence: There are vibrations, sounds, and a lot of energy consumption
blood flow resistance
Source: internal friction of blood, friction between blood and tube wall
Blood flow resistance is directly proportional to blood viscosity and inversely proportional to blood vessel radius
Blood viscosity is mainly related to hematocrit. The larger the specific volume, the higher the viscosity.
Basic factors in the formation of blood pressure
Filling of blood vessels with blood (prerequisite): average filling pressure of the circulatory system
Heart ejection (power)
Peripheral resistance (affects diastolic blood pressure)
Retraction of elastic reservoir vessels
arterial blood pressure and arterial pulse
Blood pressure and its normal values
Systolic blood pressure: blood pressure rises to its highest value during ventricular systole
Diastolic blood pressure: The blood pressure at the end of diastole of the ventricles decreases to a minimum value
Pulse pressure: the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Mean arterial pressure: the average arterial blood pressure at each moment during a cardiac cycle
Factors affecting arterial blood pressure
Stroke volume (systolic blood pressure)
Heart rate (diastolic blood pressure)
Peripheral resistance (diastolic blood pressure)
Large artery wall elasticity (decreased pulse pressure)
The relationship between circulating blood volume and blood vessel volume
Arterial pulse: ascending branch, descending branch (descending mid-wave, descending mid-wave)
Venous blood pressure and venous blood return volume
venous blood pressure
Peripheral venous pressure (various organs)
Low blood pressure and low blood flow resistance
Gravity and body position have a great impact on venous blood
Venous filling is affected by transmural pressure
Central venous pressure (great thoracic vein or right atrium)
cardiac ejection function
venous blood return velocity
Return blood volume and its influencing factors
Venous return blood volume: the blood flow returned from peripheral veins to the right atrium per unit time
Influencing factors
average filling pressure of circulatory system
myocardial contractility
Gravity and body position
Skeletal muscle squeezing action (muscle venous pump)
respiration
Microcirculation
composition and pathways
Roundabout pathway (nutritional pathway): long pathway, slow blood flow, good permeability, and conducive to material exchange
Direct passage: fast flow rate, in an open state, allowing blood to quickly return to the heart
Arteriovenous short circuit: thick wall, large flow, fast flow, closed state, body temperature regulation effect
Physiological characteristics: long, thin and slowly getting bigger
blood flow regulation
Main gate: arteriole - controls the blood volume of the entire microcirculation
Branch gate: precapillary sphincter - controls the opening and closing of the corresponding capillaries
Posterior gate: venule - controlled outflow
exchange of substances between blood and tissue fluid
Diffusion (main method)
swallow
Filtration and reabsorption
tissue fluid and lymph fluid
Interstitial fluid production and reflux
Effective filtration pressure = (capillary blood pressure interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure) - (plasma colloid osmotic pressure interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure)
Influencing factors
capillary pressure
plasma colloid osmotic pressure
capillary wall permeability
lymphatic drainage
The significance of lymphatic fluid reflux: recycles proteins in tissue fluid, transports fat, and regulates fluid balance