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MindMap Gallery Histology and Embryology - Blood and Lymph

Histology and Embryology - Blood and Lymph

This is a mind map about histology and embryology - blood and lymph, including: blood, lymph, and mononuclear phagocyte system.

Edited at 2023-02-04 17:54:16

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Histology and Embryology - Blood and Lymph

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Outline

blood and lymph

blood

constitute

plasma

Accounting for 55% of blood volume, light yellow translucent viscous liquid

Physical and chemical properties

pH: 7.3～7.4

Relative density: 1.025～1.030

Osmotic pressure: 313 mOsm

sticky

composition

90% water

Plasma proteins - albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

Function

Circulating fluid that transports blood cells, nutrients, hormones, and metabolites throughout the body

Participate in the body's immune response, body temperature regulation, body fluid regulation, maintenance of acid-base balance and osmotic pressure

The function of maintaining a stable internal environment in the body

blood cells

red blood cells

form

Biconcave disc shape, thinner in the center and thicker around

Mature red blood cells have no nuclei or organelles

The cells are filled with hemoglobin and various enzymes

ferritin

Combine with oxygen in areas with high oxygen content and separate from oxygen in areas with low oxygen content

Spectrin, various membrane skeleton proteins

Interactions between membrane skeleton proteins maintain the normal shape of red blood cells

An embedded glycoprotein on the surface of cell membranes that determines an individual's blood type

Average lifespan 120 days

Main function: carrying oxygen, transporting oxygen

characteristic

Red blood cells have good deformability

Red blood cell deformation requires the participation of energy

The stability of red blood cell membranes requires normal energy supply

disease

Anemia: The number of red blood cells is less than 3×10¹² per liter/hemoglobin is less than 100g/L

Polycythemia vera: The number of red blood cells reaches (7-10)

Hereditary spherocytosis, the external environment of red blood cells is abnormal, and the plasma osmotic pressure is reduced - the red blood cell membrane ruptures, hemoglobin overflows, and hemolysis occurs. The remaining red blood cell membrane sacs after hemolysis are called blood shadows.

newborn red blood cells

Yellow tar blue stain - blue fine mesh - reticulocytes

Patients with bone marrow hematopoietic dysfunction have low reticulocyte count

Reticulocyte count has clinical significance—hematological disease indicator

leukocyte

form

Colorless nucleated spherical cells

Function

defense and immunity

Classification

granulocytic leukocytes

Neutrophils (50%~70%)

Electron microscope structure

The biggest amount

The nucleus is rod-shaped or lobed. The more lobed the nucleus is, the closer the cell is to senescence.

Stained lavender - the cytoplasm contains 20% azurophilic granules, which is a lysosome containing acid phosphatase, peroxidase, lysozyme, cathepsin - digests and engulfed bacteria and foreign matter

Dyeing light red - 80% of special granules, a secreted granule containing alkaline phosphatase, collagenase, lysozyme and lactoferrin and other non-enzyme antibacterial protein molecules - can kill bacteria and dissolve bacteria surface glycoprotein

Function

Under the action of chemokines, perform deformation movements

Participate in body defense and immune functions

Eosinophils (0.5%-3%)

Light mirror structure

spherical

The nucleus is rod-shaped or lobed, divided into 2 lobes

The cytoplasm is filled with thick, evenly distributed, orange-red stained, refractive eosinophilic granules.

Electron microscope structure

There are rectangular crystals inside and a dense fine granular matrix.

The particles are special lysosomes and also contain 4 kinds of cationic proteins

Function

Phagocytosis and secretion

Phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes

suppress allergic reactions

Breaking down histamine, arylsulfatase inactivates leukotrienes, thereby mitigating allergic reactions

Kill parasites

The cell surface adheres to the worms and releases basic proteins and various enzymes

Basophils (0%-1%)

Light mirror structure

Spherical nucleus with lobes or S shape

Light coloring, unclear outline

The cytoplasm contains blue-purple basophilic granules of varying sizes, sparsely and unevenly distributed, and of different shades.

Electron microscope structure

The membrane particles are filled with fine particles, which are evenly distributed, and some lamellar or filament-like structures can be seen in some particles.

The granules contain histamine and heparin, and the cytoplasm contains leukotrienes.

Function

Similar to mast cells, involved in allergic reactions

agranulocytosis

monocytes

Light mirror structure

Spherical

The nucleus is kidney-shaped, horseshoe-shaped or oval

The cytoplasm is rich and gray-blue, and there are many smaller azurophilic granules in the cytoplasm.

Electron microscope structure

Cell surface has wrinkles and short microvilli

The cytoplasm contains many membrane-enclosed granules and phagocytic vacuoles (characteristics of lysosomes)

Function

Active deformation movement - obvious chemotaxis

After bone marrow is formed, it enters the blood circulation, travels to connective tissues and organs throughout the body, and differentiates into different types of macrophages.

Lymphocytes (20%-30%)

Light mirror structure

Spherical in shape, varying in size, with the largest number of small lymphocytes in peripheral blood

The nucleus is round, with a depression on one side, and the chromatin is thick and deeply stained.

Very little cytoplasm, containing a few azurophilic granules

Function

Thymus-dependent lymphocytes (75%)

Participate in cellular immunity and regulate immune response

Bone marrow-dependent lymphocytes (10%-15%)

After being stimulated by antigen, they proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells and participate in humoral immunity.

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

Directly kill tumor cells

platelets

Overview

Commonly known as thrombus cells, they are small pieces of cytoplasm shed by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

Light mirror structure

in living conditions

biconvex flat disk

subject to mechanical or chemical stimulation

Small bumps sticking out, irregular shape

Aggregated in groups, without nuclei, with intact cell membranes

The peripheral part is light blue - called the transparent area; the central dense blue-purple particles - called the granular area

There are microfilaments and microtubules in the transparent area

There are three types of particles in the granule area - special (alpha particles), dense (delta particles), and lysosomes (lambda particles)

Electron microscope structure

Thick sugar coating, microtubules maintain platelet morphology

Platelet granules contain bleeding and coagulation-related substances and cytokines

canalicular system

open canaliculus

Connected to the surface of platelets, facilitating the release of granule contents

Dense tubules

Located in transparent zone

Electron-dense irregular closed tubules, equivalent to smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Collect calcium ions and synthesize prostaglandins

Function

Involved in hemostasis and coagulation processes

Protect vascular endothelium, participate in endothelial repair, and prevent atherosclerosis

Take peripheral blood and add an appropriate amount of anticoagulant (heparin or sodium citrate)

The upper layer is light yellow plasma

The lower dark red layer is red blood cells

The thin gray-white layer in the middle is white blood cells and platelets

lymph

Liquid in lymphatic vessels, formed by tissue fluid seeping into lymphatic capillaries

After flowing through the lymph nodes, the bacteria are cleared, lymphocytes and antibodies appear, and monocytes can be seen

Different parts, different physiological conditions, different lymph components

Lymphatic clearing of limbs

The lymph in the small intestine becomes milky white due to large amounts of fat droplets - chyle

Liver lymph contains large amounts of plasma proteins

Lymph is an auxiliary channel for the return of tissue fluid, maintaining the dynamic balance of tissue fluid in all parts of the body.

mononuclear phagocyte system

concept

Derived from monocytes, a cell population with phagocytic function

type

dendritic cells in lymphoid organs

nervous system microglia

Osteoclasts in bone tissue

Kupffer cells in the liver

Dust cells in the lungs

Function

Eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and foreign matter invading the body

Eliminate aging diseased cells in the body and participate in regulating immune response

Secretes a variety of cytokines to participate in the regulation of hematopoiesis in the body