MindMap Gallery Computational Thinking and Artificial Intelligence Fundamentals
Summary of knowledge points in this book on the basics of computational thinking and artificial intelligence, undergraduate: 1. Basics of computer technology and computational thinking; ⒉ Representation of information in computers; 3. The composition and basic working principles of computer systems.
Edited at 2023-02-09 17:52:01El cáncer de pulmón es un tumor maligno que se origina en la mucosa bronquial o las glándulas de los pulmones. Es uno de los tumores malignos con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y mayor amenaza para la salud y la vida humana.
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica con hiperglucemia como signo principal. Es causada principalmente por una disminución en la secreción de insulina causada por una disfunción de las células de los islotes pancreáticos, o porque el cuerpo es insensible a la acción de la insulina (es decir, resistencia a la insulina), o ambas cosas. la glucosa en la sangre es ineficaz para ser utilizada y almacenada.
El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
El cáncer de pulmón es un tumor maligno que se origina en la mucosa bronquial o las glándulas de los pulmones. Es uno de los tumores malignos con mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y mayor amenaza para la salud y la vida humana.
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica con hiperglucemia como signo principal. Es causada principalmente por una disminución en la secreción de insulina causada por una disfunción de las células de los islotes pancreáticos, o porque el cuerpo es insensible a la acción de la insulina (es decir, resistencia a la insulina), o ambas cosas. la glucosa en la sangre es ineficaz para ser utilizada y almacenada.
El sistema digestivo es uno de los nueve sistemas principales del cuerpo humano y es el principal responsable de la ingesta, digestión, absorción y excreción de los alimentos. Consta de dos partes principales: el tracto digestivo y las glándulas digestivas.
Computational Thinking and Artificial Intelligence Fundamentals
1.Basics of computer technology and computational thinking
computer technology
computer development
First generation: CPU: Vacuum tube Memory: Drum
Second generation: CPU: transistor Memory: magnetic core
Third Generation: CPU: Small Scale Integrated Circuit (SSI) Medium Scale Integrated Circuit (MSI) Memory: Magnetic Drum
First Generation: CPU: Large Scale Integration (LSI) Very Large Scale Integration (VSI) Memory: Magnetic Drum
Computer features
Fast processing speed
Strong storage capacity
Automatic processing
Ability to make logical judgments
High calculation accuracy
Strong versatility
computer classification
supercomputer
mainframe computer
server
Microcomputer
embedded computer
computer applications
computer aided system
Computer Aided Design CAD
Computer Aided ManufacturingCAM
Computer Assisted Education CAI Computer Management CMI
Fundamentals of Computational Thinking
Characteristics of computational thinking
Conceptual thinking is not procedural thinking
Fundamental skills are not rigid skills
The way humans think is not the way computers think
The nature of computational thinking
abstract
automation
2. Representation of information in computers
Base conversion
Base symbol
Binary B
Octal O
Decimal D
Hexadecimal H
binary reason
Easy to physically implement
Simple operation rules
High working reliability
Suitable for logical operations
Binary number operations
logic operation
and
or
No
Representation and processing of numerical data
fixed point number
Original code
reverse code
Positive numbers remain unchanged
Negative negative number
complement
Positive numbers remain unchanged
Negate a negative number and add one
floating point number representation
code
rank symbol
exponent code (complement code)
mantissa
number sign
Mantissa (complement)
Text representation
Spanish
ASCII
Lowercase letters are 32 larger than uppercase letters
EBCDIC
Chinese character
In-machine code = national standard code location plus 128 = location code location plus 32 plus 128
3. The composition and basic working principles of computer systems
Basic components of a computer system
computer system components
computer system
Hardware system
Host
CPU
Memory
external device
input device
output device
External storage
Software system
system software
operating system
database management system
language processing system
utility
application
computer logical components
Proposed by: von Neumann
content
input device
storage
internal memory
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Read Only Memory (ROM)
external memory
controller
operator
output device
Microcomputer system components
host system
Host
CPU
Memory
I/O controller
system bus
motherboard
CPU socket
memory slot
PCI-E slot
chipset
BIOS
ROM
CMOS
RAM
central processing unit CPU
word length
The number of bits of binary data that the CPU can process at one time; the basic unit of data transfer between the CPU and I/O devices and memory
Main frequency, core frequency, external frequency
Cache
I/O
operate
controller
bus
Definition: Bus is a set of common signal lines and related control circuits that transmit information between components or devices.
Bus bandwidth (MB/s) = (bus bit width/8) * bus operating frequency (MHz) * number of transmissions
PCI
PCI-E
interface
USB1.0 USB2.0 USB3.0 USB3.1
Microcomputer peripherals
harddisk
mechanical hard drive
Solid state drive SSD
computer software
definition
Computer program
Data required to run
Documentation related to the program
composition
system software
operating system
The core of the software
database management system
language processing system
utility
application
Operating system basics
Classification
Batch operating system
time-sharing operating system
Such as: UNIX, Linux
real-time operating system
personal computer operating system
Such as: windows
network operating system
Smartphone operating system
Management functions
Processor management
Process management
process control
Process synchronization
process communication
process scheduling
Storage management
Device management
File management
Job management
Basic principles of computer working
Commands and command systems
A set of all instructions recognized and executed by the CPU is called the CPU instruction system
The process of instruction execution
instruction
opcode
subtopic
cloud computing
IaaS
Provide hardware development environment to customers as a metering service
PaaS
half platform
Only install the system
All platforms
Install all platform software that the application depends on
SaaS
cyberspace security
Virus
triggering
Concealment
contagious
latent
Destructive
machine learning
research direction
cognitive model
theoretical study
task oriented
status
Artificial Intelligence Core Technology
Basic model of learning system
Basic structure of learning system
Environment, knowledge base, execution part
Classification of machine learning
supervised learning
unsupervised learning
reinforcement learning
Distance function and similarity measure function
distance function
Euclidean distance
manhattan distance
Chebyshev distance
Hamming distance
Similarity measure function
Jaccard similarity coefficient
cosine similarity
Classification Algorithms (Supervised)
decision tree
node
directed edge
K nearest neighbor (KNN)
Bayesian
Support Vector Machines
Association rules
Clustering algorithm (unsupervised)
based on partitioning
K-means
K-medoies
CKARANS
Based on hierarchy
based on density
grid based
Search and gaming
search
state space diagram
node
directed edge
State space representation of the problem
The problem of missionaries and savages crossing the river
blind search
depth first
width first
Bounded depth first and iterative deepening search
heuristic search
game
Features
Zero sum between two people
full information
Not accidental
minimax process
subtopic
A preliminary study on artificial intelligence
Birth: Dartmouth Conference
Artificial Intelligence Research Methods
symbolism
connectionism
Behaviorism
Artificial Intelligence Applications
Problem solving and gaming
expert system
Simulate the thought process of human experts solving problems
Knowledge graph
pattern recognition
text recognition
Speech Recognition
face recognition
Fingerprint recognition
remote sensing
medical diagnosis
Intelligent decision support system
natural language processing
Smart search
Autopilot
Robotics
artificial intelligence plus
5. Algorithm
Features
certainty
feasibility
Finiteness
input and output
Bubble Sort
Sort largest first in ascending order
selection sort
Ascending order smallest first
symbol
Logical Operators
and or xor not
Relational operators
> >= < <= = ! =or/=
arithmetic operators
rem
4.Internet and Internet of Things
Computer Network Overview
Classification
by topology
Bus type
ring
star
tree shape
mesh
by geography
LAN
Metropolitan Area Network MAN
WAN
According to working mode
Client-Server Structure Client-Sever
Peer-to-Peer structurePeer-to-Peer
local area network
hardware
Network interconnection equipment
Hub ·
switch
router
network transmission medium
wired media
twisted pair
Commonly referred to as network cable
coaxial cable
optical fiber
wireless medium
software
Network protocol software
network operating system
Network application software
internet
IP address
Class A: 1 byte for the network address, 3 bytes for the host address, and the highest bit is 0
Class B: network address 2 bytes, host address 2 bytes, highest bit 10
Class C: network address 3 bytes, host address 1 byte, highest bit 110
subnet mask
The network address is 255 bytes
And IP address and operation
Determine whether they are on the same network
domain name system
Used equivalently to IP address
basic services
world wide web
Uniform Resource Locator URL
letter of agreement
Such as: http
Host domain name
Such as: www.cumt.edu.cn
path
Such as: news/manage/
file name
file transfer
File Transfer Protocol FTP
simple mail transfer protocol smtp
Remote login
Telnet protocol
Internet of Things LoT
Recognition and perception technology
RFID
Network and communications technology
short range wireless communication technology
ZigBee, NFC, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, RFID
telecommunications technology
Internet, mobile communication network, satellite communication network
Data mining and fusion technology