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Gas preparation experiment
A mind map of gas preparation experiments, which organizes the equipment and preparation of common gases. I hope it will be helpful to high school students.
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Gas preparation experiment
- bacteria
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Gas preparation experiment
device
Generating device
Solid liquid <non-heating type>
Installation diagram
Applicable gases: O2, H2, CO2, H2S, SO2, NO, NO2, NH3, Cl2, HCl
Derived device——Kip generator
Notes: 1. When using a long-neck funnel, insert the lower end of the funnel under the liquid surface. 2. Solids are insoluble in water. 3. The product must not contain insoluble substances. 4. The reaction should not be violently exothermic.
Simple Kip Generator
Features: Use at any time, turn off and stop at any time
Solid liquid or liquid liquid <heating type>
Installation diagram
Applicable gases: Cl2, NH3
Notes: 1. The flask must be separated by an asbestos net when heating. 2. When the reactants are all liquid, broken porcelain pieces or zeolite should be added to the burning screen.
Solid heating type
Installation diagram
Applicable gases: O2, NH3
Note: The mouth of the test tube is slightly lower than the bottom of the test tube
Purification device <impurity removal>
Basis for selection of impurity removal reagents
Differences in properties between the host gas and the impurity gas, such as solubility, acidity, alkalinity, oxidation, reduction, and flammability.
Device diagram
Air scrubbing device
Solid impurity removal device
Used for solid absorption of reducing or oxidizing impurity gases
Condensation and impurity removal device: The impurity gas is cooled and becomes a liquid, while the main gas does not become a liquid.
drying device
Drying principles: 1. Acidic desiccants cannot dry alkaline gases. 2. Alkaline desiccant cannot dry acid gas. 3. Desiccant with strong oxidizing properties cannot dry strong reducing gases
Common desiccants
Acidity: concentrated sulfuric acid, phosphorus pentoxide, silica gel
Concentrated sulfuric acid cannot dry H2S, HBr, and HI, but it can dry SO2, H2, and CO.
Neutral: anhydrous CaCl2
Cannot dry NH3
Alkaline: soda lime
Common drying device diagram
collection device
drainage method
Applicable gas: Suitable for gases that are insoluble in water and do not react with water
Installation diagram
emptying method
Applicable gases: Suitable for gases that do not react with air components and have a large density difference from air.
upward emptying method
downward emptying method
Derivative device: determines the direction of inlet and outlet gas according to the relative density with air
Exhaust gas treatment device
Processing gases: toxic gases, irritating gases, and environmentally polluting gases.
For gases with high solubility, attention must be paid to preventing backdraft when treating exhaust gas. Such as: NH3, HCl, HBr, HF
Anti-backdraft device: inverted funnel, safety bottle, drying tube, organic layer
Preparation of common gases
Preparation of O2
Collection: drainage method, upward emptying method
Check for fullness: Place the wooden stick with sparks on the mouth of the gas collecting bottle. If the wooden stick ignites again, the O2 is full.
Hydrogen peroxide decomposes
Reaction equation: 2H2O2 =MnO2= 2H2O O2↑
Device: Solid-liquid non-heating type
Decomposition of potassium chlorate
Reaction equation: 2KClO3 =MnO2, heating = 2KCl 3O2↑
Device: solid heating type
Potassium permanganate decomposition
Reaction equation: 2KMnO4 = heating = K2MnO4 MnO2 O2↑
Device: solid heating type
Preparation of Cl2
Collection: upward emptying method
1. If the device is filled with yellow-green gas, the Cl2 is full. 2. Place the moist starch KI test paper on the mouth of the bottle. If the test paper turns blue, it means the Cl2 is full; 3. Place the glass rod dipped in concentrated ammonia water on the mouth of the bottle. If there is white smoke, it means the Cl2 is full.
potassium permanganate
Reaction equation: 2KMnO₄ 16HCl (concentrated) = 2KCl 2MnCl₂ 5Cl₂↑ 8H₂O
Device: Solid-liquid non-heating type
manganese dioxide
Reaction equation: 4HCl (concentrated) MnO2=heating=Cl2↑ MnCl2 2H2O
Device: Solid-liquid heating type
Potassium chlorate
Reaction equation: KClO3 6HCl (concentrated) = KCl 5Cl2↑ H2O
Device: Solid-liquid non-heating type
Potassium hypochlorite
Reaction equation: NaClO 2HCl==NaCl H2O Cl2↑
Device: Liquid-liquid non-heating type
Preparation of NH3
Collection: downward emptying method (usually put a ball of cotton at the mouth of the tube to prevent NH3 from convection with air and collect pure NH3)
Check for fullness: 1. Put the moist red litmus test paper close to the mouth of the bottle. If the test paper is always blue, the ammonia gas is full. 2. Dip a glass rod into a small amount of concentrated hydrochloric acid. If white smoke is generated when it is close to the mouth of the bottle, the ammonia gas is full. Full
Calcium hydroxide
Reaction equation: 2NH4Cl Ca(OH)2= (heating) =CaCl2 2NH3↑ 2H2O
Device: solid heating type
sodium hydroxide
Concentrated ammonia solution Sodium hydroxide solid
Device: Solid-liquid non-heating type
soda lime
Concentrated ammonia soda lime
Device: Solid-liquid non-heating type
Preparation of SO2
Collection: upward emptying method
Reaction equation: Na2SO3 H2SO4 (concentrated) = Na2SO4 H2O SO2↑
Device: Solid-liquid non-heating type
Preparation of CO2
Collection: upward emptying method
Reaction equation: CaCO3 2HCl=CaCl2 H2O CO2↑
Device: Solid-liquid non-heating type
Preparation of H2
Collection: downward emptying method, drainage method
Reaction equation: Zn H2SO4=ZnSO4 H2↑
Device: Solid-liquid non-heating type
Preparation of NO
Collection: drainage method (NO easily reacts with O2 to form NO2, and cannot be collected by drainage method)
You can first use the CO2 generated by the reaction of dilute nitric acid and calcium carbonate to drain the air in the device, and then prepare pure NO.
Reaction equation: 3Cu 8HNO3(dilute)==3Cu(NO3)2 2NO↑ 4H2O
Device: Solid-liquid non-heating type
Preparation of NO2
Collection: upward exhaust air method (because nitrogen dioxide is easily soluble in water, it cannot be collected by drainage method).
Reaction equation: Cu 4HNO3 (concentrated) = Cu(NO3) 2 2NO2↑ 2H2O
Device: Solid-liquid non-heating type
Preparation of H2S
Collection: downward emptying method, drainage method (draining saturated sodium hydrogen sulfide solution)
Reaction equation: FeS 2HCl=== FeCl2 H2S↑
Device: Solid-liquid non-heating type
Preparation of HCl
Collection: upward emptying method
Reaction equation: NaCl H2SO4 (concentrated) =△= NaHSO4 HCl↑
Device: Solid-liquid heating type
Preparation of HBr
Collection: downward emptying method
H3PO4 NaBr =△= NaH2PO4 HBr↑
Device: Solid-liquid heating type
Preparation of HI
HBr and HI cannot be prepared with concentrated sulfuric acid, as redox reactions will occur.
Collection: upward emptying method
Reaction equation: NaI H3PO4=△= NaH2PO4 HI↑
Device: Solid-liquid heating type
Principle: Refractory acid to easily volatile acid